1/ It is important to recognize that as long as an infected individual is in an indoor space, virus-laden aerosol particles will accumulate to higher concentrations in that space until (in a well-mixed space) an approximate steady-state concentration occurs. more ....
2/ The steady-state condition is reached when the rate of emissions from the source is equal to the rate of removal by ventilation, deposition onto surfaces, & filtration. At this point the rate of change of concentration with time is zero. more ...
3/ The time to achieve 95% of steady-state is 3/B (where B is the sum of removal mechanisms, each w/ units of inverse hours). I have observed K-12 classrooms with outdoor air change rates as low as 0.5/hr. w/o filtration and little deposition this = 6 hrs to steady-state. ....
4/ When you walk into a space where an infector is present is important, particularly for far-field (not close contact) scenarios. This knowledge can be important for forensics analysis of infection events.

More to come (including classroom plots) ... in my overdue blogs!

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More from @CorsIAQ

1 Oct
1/ Aerosols

I am seeing a lot of what seems like tension and chatter about aerosols vs. airborne and disciplinary differences in how the latter is defined.

a lot more ...
2/ My "go to" source for all things aerosols is WC Hinds' great text - Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles.

Anyone who studies aerosols should know of Hind's text. I am old enough to have a tattered copy of the (cough) 1st ed. more
3/ Note the title of the book carefully.

Please also note that aerosols are a binary system consisting of particles AND the gas in which they are suspended. Aerosol particles refers to the particle (liquid or solid) phase of aerosols.

more
Read 14 tweets
26 Sep
1/ Wish it had not taken this long given that many bright scientists/engineers have known & warned of same for 6+ mos. But GR8 to have Dr. Fauci on board. Hope he speaks often & underscores signif' role of aerosol transmission.
2/ I hope this becomes a pivot point & educational moment for deniers among policy makers & public to stop propagating this deadly disease so that more schools can eventually re-open, our economy does not continue to struggle through fits and starts, & less people suffer and die.
3/ Remember what many of us have been saying for months & months. Avoid non-essential indoor environments, and particularly those that are densely occupied and poorly ventilated. Always wear a mask inside buildings other than your own home, physically distance,
Read 5 tweets
26 Sep
1/ An elderly friend has been hospitalized w/ COVID-19.

It has bothered me that in many discussions about COVID-19 & its skewed impact on seniors there is a subtle undertone that "it's mostly just old people," which implies that there lives are not worth all that much.
2/ I get that from a purely "economic" perspective they do not contribute as much as someone in prime of life. I get the philosophical perspective that many have lived long lives & others still have long lives ahead of them. But, ...
3/ I also strongly believe that those who have paved the way for younger generations have a right to die w/ dignity. Dying in a hospital, gasping for oxygen on a ventilator, and w/o your loved ones present is not a dignified way to find the door.
Read 4 tweets
19 Sep
1/ A follow-up on gyms. A couple of months ago I modeled the volume of particles deposited in the respiratory system of those infected in an outbreak in Restaurant X in Guangzhou China with assumed infector emission profiles. More ...
2/ I then placed the infector from Restaurant X in different scenarios w/ ratio of volume deposited in new scenario to that of restaurant X. That ratio (omega) for a specific gym is shown in figure here. The vertical axis is omega for several ventilation/control scenarios. Image
3/ In this analysis, infector X is a staff member in the gym emitting aerosols that are well mixed into the gym. The receptor did 75 minutes of aerobic exercise w/ a heavy breathing rate (greater inhalation dose than if not doing aerobic exercise).
More ...
Read 5 tweets
16 Sep
1/ It's been a pleasure working with @Wymelenberg & @Apphouman72 on this project. The simple V1.0 model is designed as a "platform" w/ easy incorporation of new info/data that become(s) available. It provides an educational tool for exploring risk reduction strategies.
2/ The guts of the model is solution of a differential equation w/ multiple source & loss terms, including deposition of particles in three regions of the human respiratory system. Size-specific particle numbers are converted to deposited particle volume.
3/ Relative risks are pivoted off of V1.0 simulations for Restaurant X in Guangzhou, China with volume related to probability of infection based on a dose-response curve for a different human coronavirus (easily updated for SARS-CoV-2 when available).
Read 4 tweets
15 Sep
1/ Dilemma: Cooking & Wildfire Smoke

Whether your stove/oven is gas or electric, cooking can generate a lot of unhealthy indoor particulate matter. And gas stoves can generate large amounts of other harmful pollutants, including oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and more.
2/ As such, it is important to use your range hood exhaust fan while cooking. Some advice on range hoods here: indoor.lbl.gov/news/article/r….

But can using a range hood lead to greater exposure to wildfire? Answer = Yes.
3/ Range hoods can exhaust large volumes of air from your kitchen and home (thankfully in terms of cooking emissions). But when local ventilation is used to exhaust air to the outdoors your home becomes negatively pressurized relative to outdoors. So, ....
Read 5 tweets

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