1/7

China Beige Book is worried because “small and medium-sized companies are borrowing a lot less than they were in the second quarter.” I’ve been asked if this means that Chinese debt is likely to grow less quickly this year than expected.

cnb.cx/30N9Uve
2/7

No, not if we consider debt systemically, rather than in terms of linear increments. If China Beige Book is right (and I expect they are), less borrowing by SMEs to invest in expanding production doesn’t mean less debt overall. It just means a shift in the locus of debt...
3/7

creation from SMEs to the state sector—and almost certainly a worsening of the debt burden.

This is because to the extent that China has a politically determined growth target that exceeds the real underlying growth of the economy (which I would guess is negative...
4/7

for 2020), the amount of state sector activity is effectively a residual that bridges the gap between real underlying growth in the economy and the targeted growth rate for economic activity. This means that less SME activity must be countered by an increase in...
5/7

state-sector activity, which also means that less SME debt must result in more state-sector debt (the same is true for household debt, by the way).

Because SME investment is more likely to be productive than state-sector investment (mostly in excess infrastructure), this...
6/7

shift in borrowing from SMEs to the state sector also represents a widening gap between the growth in Chinese debt and the growth in the country’s real debt-servicing capacity. If China Beige Book is right, in other words, and SMEs are borrowing less, this won’t much...
7/7

affect the total amount of outstanding Chinese debt, but it will worsen the real debt burden by shifting the use of the proceeds of debt from more to less productive investment activity.

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More from @michaelxpettis

11 Oct
1/7

Very interesting article, but I strongly disagree with the conclusions of the (interested) participants that convincing the Saudis secretly to invest their windfall oil profits into the US Treasury market somehow benefitted the US.

chicagotribune.com/business/ct-un…
2/7

This might have seemed a good thing in the gold-standard days, when there were significant balance of payments constraints on domestic US investment, but by the 1970s those constraint were gone. At any rate Saudis would have had no other option: other countries with...
3/7

large surpluses – whether oil exporters or Asian manufacturers – did the same thing as the Saudis did, which was to invest most of their surpluses in the US, without the need for William Simon’s “brilliant” diplomacy. The reason is that the US was the only...
Read 7 tweets
11 Oct
1/4

Governor Yi Gang says that the greater monetary stimulus adopted by the US and Europe will see diminishing effects and will be hard to quit. What is more, “in the long run, it will inflate debt and asset bubbles, distort economic...

scmp.com/economy/china-…
2/4

structures, influence income distribution and increase systematic [financial] risk.”

He is probably right, especially to the extent that the main mechanism by which monetary expansion is supposed to stimulate demand in the US, Europe, etc. is by increasing asset...
3/4

prices (as opposed to directly increasing incomes at the bottom of the income scale, or funding productive infrastructure investment). However it is pretty ingenuous to think that Chinese monetary policies are not inflating debt and asset bubbles, distorting economic...
Read 4 tweets
10 Oct
1/4

Great graph. This is why I prefer to think of current account imbalances in terms of savings imbalances. An appreciation of the EU, as Brooks points out, doesn't resolve the huge EU imbalances. It resolves the German imbalances while making the rest of the EU worse off.
2/4

One way to resolve the EU imbalances, as Brooks says, is with north-south transfers. Another way is with German-funded infrastructure investment, either in Germany or in the EU (in the latter case these would also represent north-south transfers). A further way is to...
3/4

raise German wages in line with higher German productivity. Yet another way is to fund a stronger German or EU social safety net.
Read 4 tweets
8 Oct
1/4

According to this piece by Berkeley's Gabriel Zucman, "If macro growth had been equitably shared from 1980 to 2018, the average pre-tax income of the working-class in the bottom half of the income distribution would have been 57 percent...

law.nyu.edu/sites/default/…
2/4

higher in 2018."

If American workers had received a stable share of what they produced in the past four decades, in other words, they would be much richer than they are now.

Of course if we live in a supply-side world in which investment is constrained by scarce...
3/4

savings, a more equitable distribution in income might have resulted in less growth, in which case this number would be lower. On the other hand if investment were constrained not by scarce savings but by weak demand (which I think is the case), it would have resulted in...
Read 4 tweets
8 Oct
1/7

Foreign portfolio investors continue to pour money into Chinese stocks and bonds, accumulating around $800 billion to date. Although I have been recommending these markets to my clients for nearly two years, and continue to do so, I think some...

ft.com/content/4b4f1a…
2/7

of the people cited in this article – as they often do with China-related events – may be overhyping the implications.

I think it is a mistake, for example, to see foreign buying of RMB-denominated government bonds as part of the advancing internationalization of the...
3/7

...currency, any more than it would be the case for foreign buying of Brazilian government bonds in reais, Mexican government bonds in pesos or South Korean government bonds in won (and in all three countries, foreign investors play a far greater role than they do in China).
Read 7 tweets
7 Oct
1/7

This article makes an important systemic point about the unsustainable relationship between debt and growth in China: “As China moves to tackle excessive borrowing in the real estate sector, it is walking a tightrope between providing...

scmp.com/economy/china-…
2/7

cash-strapped local governments with revenues from land sales and keeping a lid on rising house prices.”

The regulators, as the article points out, are concerned because the real estate sector is over-leveraged and is fueling what everyone knows is a real estate bubble.
3/7

But if they clamp down on further borrowing, this would sharply reduce the revenues of overly-indebted local governments and would force them to borrow even more to keep growth in their jurisdictions from dropping sharply. Because local governments are likely to be...
Read 7 tweets

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