Observations are made.
A hypothesis is generated.
Experiments are performed to test (try to disprove) the hypothesis.
This cycle is repeated many many times until the experiments are unable to disprove the hypothesis.
The results are shared at talks or posters at conferences or as preprints, so others can comment & criticise.
The results are then published as papers (a gruelling process when the paper is assessed by tough anonymous scientists who point out every error, big or small, which must be corrected).
Afterwards, scientists try to reproduce those results to see if they’re real.
This sets off modifications of the theory/hypothesis that lead to further cycles of experimentation and papers.
Eventually the truth is clear fir all to see.
Science is not a matter of opinion or your wishes or mine.
You don’t get to choose what is true. It just is.
If someone can demonstrate a finding contrary to current theories, great, they’ll publish & become renowned in their area of science. If someone only shares online outlandish ideas contrary to the published research you have to ask, why? It’s likely that they have no evidence.
• • •
Missing some Tweet in this thread? You can try to
force a refresh
1860s: nucleic acids discovered
1940-50s: the concept that “DNA makes RNA makes protein” is developed (& is called the central dogma)
1960s: messenger RNA discovered
1/n
Path to the vaccine
1989: use of lipid nanoparticles to get mRNA into cells
1990: RNA injected into muscle can cause local synthesis of a protein
1994-9: RNA vaccines shown to induce immune response
2008-11: early phase trials
2/n
2003-2012: studies to generate a vaccine against 2 new severe coronavirus diseases SARS and MERS identify the spike protein as a good target for protective antibodies
3/n