Pre-transition, age 19-26 years old, Richards made five singles appearances in the US Open and twice proceeded to second round.

Richards transitioned in 1975, age 41 years old, and was approved for female competition in 1977.
Post-transition, age 43-47 years old and again in the US Open, Richards made five singles appearances and once proceeded to third round, once proceeded to second round.
In that same period, Richards also made four doubles appearances (once proceeded to final, twice proceeded to third round, once proceeded to second round) and three mixed doubles appearances (once proceeded to semi-final, once proceeded to third round).
That is, Richards performed better when categorised as female, despite being around 20 years beyond male competition.
Richards: “Having lived for the past 30 years, I know if I’d had surgery at the age of 22, and then at 24 went on the tour, no genetic woman in the world would have been able to come close to me. And so I’ve reconsidered my opinion.”

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More from @FondOfBeetles

19 Jan
This is an interesting read, framed by understanding sex as a system, not individuals.

‘But the male and female sexes are not two types of individuals; they actually represent two different reproductive strategies...’

onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.10…
‘...and in many organisms, these two strategies are distributed among individuals in a population in a variety of ways.’
‘What we tend to think of as the sexes arose from this isogamous state during the evolution of anisogamy (from Greek aniso‐ “unequal”), where the emerging male and female sexual strategies involve, by definition, the production of many small or few large gametes, respectively.’
Read 8 tweets
18 Jan
"He remembered going into the Women’s Place from when he was very small. Around about the time he was seven or eight he started to be unwelcome there. Women shoo’d him away, or stopped what they were doing.
"The Women’s Place became like the moon; he knew where it was but didn’t even think about going there.
"The Women's Place, a round bowl of a valley full of sunlight. The gardens of the women grew the things that made living enjoyable, possible and longer: spices, fruits and chewing roots. They dug up or traded plants.
Read 15 tweets
15 Jan
Our letter, The Reality of Sex, has been published today in the Irish Journal of Medical Science.

@egipam @SwipeWright @davecurtis314

link.springer.com/article/10.100…
‘Human sex is an observable, immutable, and important biological classification; it is a fundamental characteristic of our species, foundational to many biology disciplines, and a major differentiator in medical/health outcomes.’
‘Public discourse around sex increasingly seeks to deny basic facts of human biology.’
Read 8 tweets
5 Jan
Some Harper nuggets in here.

1. Queries lack of control for training, hormone status, test conditions. These same limitations would render her own 2015 study inconclusive.
2. Favours training difference to explain retained running advantage, yet argues that the (artefact-riddled, suboptimal) tests of muscular endurance are valid.
A reminder that transmen far surpassed male performance in these muscular endurance tests. Is she saying that transmen would be better than males at team sports?
Read 8 tweets
22 Dec 20
What is absolutely remarkable about the brief is that it is an equally good argument for protecting sports for females. One could almost regurgitate it, replacing just a few words, and submit it in *defence* of HB500.
It appeals to the value - personal, social, academic - of sports participation, the importance thereof for physical and mental well-being.

It’s always worth revisiting the benefits of sport, but HB500 is not to prevent participation. Do they realise this?
They appear to be ignorant of the premise that the wonderful benefits of sports *should be equally available to females*.

In fact, there is a federal law called Title IX to ensure that is the case.
Read 8 tweets
21 Dec 20
This is a very engaging read (and accessible, with minimal Googling of specific terms, to non-philosophers).

Well done, @runthinkwrite
Jon rejects a cost-benefit analysis - the oft-repeated ‘balance’ of safety v fairness v inclusion:

‘What amount of ‘fairness’ ought to be sacrificed for what amount of increase in ‘inclusion’?’
Instead, Jon argues that World Rugby (and other ‘combat’ sports) have a special duty to manage risk:

‘[I]t is particularly incumbent on World Rugby to be alert to increased risk, and to oppose any increased risk that is not an ineliminable part of the essence of the game.’
Read 7 tweets

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