Orla Hegarty Profile picture
Jan 23, 2021 51 tweets 33 min read Read on X
[Thread] Learning from #COVID19 #superspread

🇺🇸USA Skagit Choir practice: 1 person with mild symptoms, 2.5-hours indoors, 50 infected, 2 deaths

“you can be inhaling what someone else exhaled even if they are far away from you” 1/ colorado.edu/today/2020/09/…
🇰🇷 South Korea, restaurant #Covid19 #superspread

CCTV shows 1 person infected another seated 6 metres away within 5 mins

“person was seated near a ceiling-type air conditioner, which blew virus droplets” 2/verywellhealth.com/air-flow-covid…
🇩🇪 Germany, meat factory #Covid19 #superspread

1,500 workers infected, indoors at 10°C low humidity

“Cold & stale air conditions allowed coronavirus particles to travel more than 8 meters” 3/
bloomberg.com/news/articles/…
🇻🇳 Vietnam 10 hour flight #COVID19 #superspread

1 passenger infected 15 on same plane (no masks)

“12 were sitting in business class, along with patient, where seats are spread further apart, 2 in economy & 1 crew” 4/ independent.co.uk/travel/news-an… & wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26…
🇨🇳 China, restaurant #Covid19 #superspread

Infection of 10 persons from 3 families who had eaten at separate tables in air-conditioned restaurant

“key factor for infection was the direction of the airflow”
5/
wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26…
🇦🇺 Australia, nursing homes

CO2 carbon dioxide in some homes over 3 times recommended level, meaning poor ventilation

“If anyone in building is infected, risk of cross-infection may be significant even if PPE protocols followed & surfaces cleaned”
6/
theconversation.com/poor-ventilati…
🇺🇸 Washington, Capitol Building #Covid19

200 national guard &
3 lawmakers infected

“committee room lockdown had all ingredients for #superspread event.. overcrowding, hours indoors, people without masks & low ventilation” 7/
washingtonpost.com/politics/capit… & newsweek.com/hundreds-natio…
🇸🇪 Sweden, hospital

#COVID19 detected in central ventilation systems, distant from patient areas, indicating it can be transported long distances

“increased infection indoors, as well as #superspread, could be explained by airborne transmission”
8/ nature.com/articles/s4159…
🇰🇷 South Korea, Call Centre #superspread

97 infected in open office

“virus can be exceptionally contagious in crowded offices.. despite considerable interaction between workers in the building #COVID19 spread limited almost exclusively to 11th floor” 9/ wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26… Image
🇰🇷 South Korea, coffee shop

27-person cluster linked to ceiling mounted air-conditioning in coffee outlet

“4 mask-wearing employees escaped infection... masks may not provide 100% protection, but there’s nothing out there that’s as effective” 10/
fortune.com/2020/08/25/cov…
🇫🇷 France, aircraft carrier (ship) #Covid19 #superspread

668 out of nearly 2,000 sailors infected

“Proximity & contagion make for dangerous shipmates. We have already seen how deadly virus can be in close confines of cruise ships” 11/
bbc.com/news/world-eur…
🇳🇿 New Zealand, quarantine hotel #superspread

29 mariners, 2 health workers

“poor ventilation & double-bunking helped spread Covid... with poor ventilation in corridors, factors all added up to being conducive to inhalation of #Covid19 aerosols” /12
stuff.co.nz/national/healt…
🇮🇪Ireland, airplane #COVID19 #superspread

13 on flight (59 total)

“4 of flight cases were not seated next to any other positive case, had no contact in the transit lounge, wore face masks in-flight & were not ‘close contacts’ under ECDC definition” 13/ eurosurveillance.org/content/10.280…
🇨🇦 Canada, Seniors Residence #COVID19 #superspread

156 residents & 91 staff infected

“infectious disease experts & an air quality specialist determined the ventilation system was malfunctioning”
/14
globalnews.ca/news/6940893/s…
🌎 Global, Conference #COVID19

20,000 may have acquired conference virus

#superspread is hallmark of coronavirus. When infected person shows up —inside, with poor ventilation & close contact— virus can infect a lot of people in very little time” /15 nytimes.com/2020/08/26/hea…
🇳🇱 Netherlands, Care Home
#suprspread

17 residents & 17 staff, at time of low virus infection in local community

“data suggest that this outbreak is caused by aerosol transmission of #COVID19 in a situation of inadequate ventilation” /16
academic.oup.com/cid/advance-ar…
🇮🇱 Israel, school #Covid19 #superspread

153 students, 25 staff & 87 cases among close contacts

‘during extreme heatwave, air-conditioning functioned continuously in all classes’ & a ‘face mask exemption’ /17
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…
🇻🇳 Vietnam, bar

19 infected

“Crowds in enclosed indoor settings with poor ventilation may be considered at high risk for transmission” /18 wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27…
🇨🇳 China, bus #superspread

1 person infected 23 (of 67) passengers on 100 minute round trip

“prevention & control must consider airborne spread of #COVID19 which is a highly transmissible pathogen in closed environments with air recirculation” 19/
jamanetwork.com/journals/jamai…
🇺🇸 USA, Church #Covid19 #superspread

44 infected

“Unless there is good air circulation & a lot of space between people, indoor spaces tend to be 20 times more dangerous for virus transmission than outdoor ones” /20
bostonglobe.com/2021/01/02/met…
🌏 Global, Cruise ship #Covid19 #superspread

619 cases (301 symptomatic) some infected during quarantine in cabins

“airborne transmission of #COVID19 through the ship’s ventilation system could explain how the virus spread into cabins” 21/ sfgate.com/science/articl…
🇦🇺 Australia, hotel #Covid19 #superspread

“poor ventilation, not security breaches, at quarantine hotel.. CCTV review showed a guard outside room of infected traveller. At no time did guard go in & or any of the guests come out” /22
abc.net.au/news/2020-12-1…
🇰🇷South Korea, apartments #COVID19 #superspread

10 cases

“investigation found no other possible contact between the cases than airborne infection through a single air duct in bathroom” 23/
ijidonline.com/article/S1201-… Image
🇪🇸 Spain, choir #COVID19 #superspread

30 (of 41) infected

“safety measures incl temperature testing, hand washing & social-distancing... but windows closed to shut out the heat & on air-conditioning switched on” 24/
classicfm.com/music-news/cor…
🇨🇦 Canada, gym #COVID19 #superspread

61 cases

“heavy breathing during intense exercise is known to increase production of airborne particles, especially if unmasked... airborne transmission would seem likely to be a large factor” /25
forbes.com/sites/victoria…
🇺🇸 USA, workplace #COVID19 #superspread

44 cases, 1 death

“no way to infect 43 people when you’re wearing a costume other than airborne transmission because you’re inside a costume & cannot touch objects or infect through surfaces” /26
nytimes.com/2021/01/03/us/…
🇦🇺 Australia, restaurant #COVID19 #superspread

37 cases

“Airflow & seating likely factors in cluster.. virus spread via aerosols.. distancing might not be adequate protection in poorly ventilated rooms where people were speaking loudly” 27/
theage.com.au/national/victo…
🇯🇵 Japan, hospitals #Covid19 #superspread

224 cases, 184 cases

“as winter sets in, more people stay indoors, raising airborne risks.. airborne transmission of the virus increases when people spend more time in closed-up rooms breathing dry air”
/28
reuters.com/article/us-hea…
🇨🇦 Canada, care home

80 cases, 3 deaths

“review the ventilation system recommended: increase air flow, improve mechanical ventilation, half open windows, run bathroom fans, add portable filters” 29/beta.ctvnews.ca/local/montreal…
🇸🇬 Singapore, dorms #Covid19

“half of 323,000 workers infected... commitment to improving standards, new dorms, more space & better ventilation”

Without change toward marginalised communities, countries are unlikely to get pandemic under control” /30 nst.com.my/world/world/20…
🇩🇪Germany, bars #Covid19 #superspread

1 person infected 59, & exposed 710 ... just in the time spent in 2 bars

“model case of stupidity” /31
metro.co.uk/2020/09/17/wom…
🇨🇦 Canada, care home #COVID19 #superspread

In just 16 days: 127 residents (40 died) & 86 staff (1 died) & 42 other household contacts were infected

“first staffer who tested positive was close contact with someone who travelled internationally” /32
theglobeandmail.com/canada/article…
🇮🇪 Ireland, Traveller accommodation

60 people tested positive in one week

“crowded... inhumane housing conditions, including not having running water or sanitation facilities"
/33

corkbeo.ie/news/local-new…
🇺🇸 USA, student housing #Covid19 #superspread

positivity rate of 25% in shared housing (compared to 4% for living on campus).. & as high as 80% in some student houses

“dense sleeping arrangements & common spaces.. not conducive to safety measures” /34
columbiamissourian.com/news/covid19/c…
🇨🇳 China, meat plant #superspread

28 workers, 3 family infected

“meatpacking workers in USA, Brazil & across Europe among the groups hit hardest by #COVID19 last year” /35 reuters.com/article/us-hea…
🇫🇷 France, nightclub

72 infections

“supermarket worker partied at nightspot (that skirted ban by blocking off its dance floor)” /36 apnews.com/article/virus-…
🇨🇭Switzerland, yodel event #COVID19 #superspread

“600 attended & coronavirus cases there have more than doubled to 1,238... explosion one of the worst in Europe"

“scientists have suggested singing could spread the virus via airborne droplets” /37
news.sky.com/story/coronavi…
🇹🇭 Thailand, workplace/housing #Covid19 #superspread

800 cases

“Because migrant workers live in crowded spaces, if one of them catches the virus, the disease will spread really fast” /38 thaipbsworld.com/little-myanmar…
🇿🇦 South Africa, hospital #superspread

39 patients (15 deaths), 80 staff

“virus’ spread through 5 wards, to nursing home & dialysis center.. yet no staff infections seem to have taken place in #COVID19 ICU, arguably riskiest area of hospital” /39
sciencemag.org/news/2020/05/s…
🇺🇸 USA, wedding #Covid19 #superspread

177 cases, 7 deaths

27 (of 55) guests & 3 staff infected... onwards to 27 cases (1 death) in community... 38 cases (6 deaths) at a care home ... 18 prison staff & 48 inmates... & 16 other household /40

forbes.com/sites/victoria…
🇲🇾 Malaysia, gathering #superspread

Of 673 #Covid19 infections in Malaysia, almost 2/3 linked to a 4-day meeting

Resulting in onward spread to 🇧🇳 Brunei, 🇸🇬 Singapore, 🇰🇭Cambodia, 🇹🇭 Thailand & possibly 🇻🇳 Vietnam, 🇵🇭 Philippines & 🇮🇩 Indonesia /41
aljazeera.com/news/2020/3/18…
🇺🇸 USA, child care (crèche)

12 children acquired #COVID19 & transmitted to at least 12 people outside. One parent hospitalised.

“Transmission from 2 asymptomatic children” /42
cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/6…
🇺🇸 USA, sport event #superspread

38 cases.. 446 close contacts... 49 more cases

“1,700 in-person school days lost as a consequence of isolation & quarantine of patients & contacts during this #COVID19 outbreak” /43
cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/7…
🇧🇪 Belgium, care home

75 cases, including 14 staff

“Santa was not feeling unwell before the visit & did not show any symptoms of virus... he kept his distance from residents & wore a face covering” /44 wionews.com/world/superspr…
🇮🇪 Ireland, meat factories

1,500 cases* linked to 28 factories

“restrictions imposed due to large-scale outbreaks in meat factories are example of what can happen to a town or region due to clusters in high-risk sectors”

*Aug 2020, now 2,232 cases /45
thejournal.ie/1500-cases-lik…
🇳🇴 Norway, bus trip

40 cases including guide & driver

“Almost all passengers infected during 7 days together. Contact tracing resulting in around 100 cases”

“similar mutation in Australia, UK & other European countries” /46
fhi.no/en/news/2020/n…
🇳🇿New Zealand, hotel

3 cases, 212 staff, 192 current & 353 former guests tested

“quick wins by limiting recirculation, increasing air flows & filters.. increasing air dilutes risk of airborne infectious diseases being carried from room to room” 47/
stuff.co.nz/business/12407…
🇨🇳 China, event

102 cases

‘30 to 40 people attended, few wearing masks... infected people were gathered in an enclosed space for a long time’ 48/ cnn.com/2021/01/18/asi…
🇨🇦Canada, convent #superspread

46 cases, 9 deaths

#COVID19 has been cited in the deaths of dozens of retired or infirm nuns who lived in congregate settings” /49 abcnews.go.com/Health/wireSto…
🇺🇸 USA, study group #Covid19

35 (of 92) attendees, 3 deaths, 26 in community

“6 foot rule is useful, but it’s possible to be infected at greater distances in static, indoor air or through air-conditioning system that doesn’t have high-grade filters” /50 elemental.medium.com/the-science-of…
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More from @Orla_Hegarty

Feb 19
🇮🇪 Covid Inquiry- my comments didn’t all make it into @Independent_ie today 🧵 1/

“Over 9,600 people have died from Covid-19 in Ireland, including one hundred & forty one in the weeks since Christmas…
independent.ie/irish-news/pub…
..involving 31 residents. The pandemic is not over. An estimated 10% of those infected suffer long-term effects, & this burden of illness continues to grow.

Therefore, it is likely too soon to evaluate much of Ireland’s response. Decision-making is in the same hands… 2/
However there are meaningful questions that can be asked to improve current response & future-proof Ireland against repeat of this crisis.
Firstly the scientific failure –then & now– to acknowledge how the disease spreads.

Covid-19 is airborne & no amount of hand-washing.. 3/
Read 8 tweets
Oct 7, 2023
“Sick of your kids being sick? Clean air in schools may be the answer”

Co-written with @j_corey02 in @irishexaminer today

🧵of links to research mentioned & more information for parents & teachers #Schools #EdChat #EdChatIE 1/
(from 2021): “growing body of research on COVID-19 provides abundant evidence for the predominance of airborne transmission. This route dominates under certain environmental conditions, particularly indoor environments that are poorly ventilated” 2/ ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…
“These viruses can be spread by an infected person simply by breathing. And like cigarette smoke, these viruses can linger in the air for hours in poorly ventilated spaces”

(from 2021, Prof @kprather88 ) 3/
Read 17 tweets
Sep 21, 2023
#Schools latest research for benefits of ventilation & filtration in classrooms 1/

🇨🇭“Classrooms with higher CO2 levels (poor ventilation) experienced more than 60% higher chance of Covid-19 outbreaks”

Houssein Gorji #WHOIndoorAir (vid @mdc_martinus)
🇬🇧 HEPA air filtration in classrooms reduced children’s absences by 20%
@CathNoakes at #WHOIndoorAir 2/
@CathNoakes 🇮🇹 Ventilation can cut school Covid cases by 82% 3/ reuters.com/world/europe/i…
Read 6 tweets
Feb 12, 2022
[Thread] a short story about pandemic misinformation & biased reporting

On 1 April 2021 I was contacted by a newspaper journalist.. 1/ Image
..the journalist attached the reply received from HSPC (who collect Covid data)

It DID NOT say 1 in 1,000 cases

It gave very limited data about *42 outbreaks* investigated by HSE

It reads as someone being helpful guessing at what might be outdoors (construction, sport etc) 2/ Image
..vast majority of Covid cases are not connected to outbreaks..& capacity to investigate outbreaks is also very limited

The journalist took a guess at *42 outbreaks* (262 cases) ..& erroneously related it to total number of cases at that time (236,600 cases, 1 April 2021) 3/ Image
Read 24 tweets
Feb 10, 2022
New 3-bedroom houses*:

Maynooth €463,000

Edenderry €239,000 (35km away)

Portlaoise €245,000 (70km)

Kildare €275,000 (35km)

Tullamore €279,000 (70km)

Ballitore €280,000 (50km)

Athy €295,000 (55km)

Navan €310,000 (40km)

*same regulations, standards, tax etc
Read 5 tweets
Jan 10, 2022
#Covid19 Schools, what to do?

No two schools are same & conditions vary from room to room & from hour time hour
Statistically there’s an infectious child in EVERY class now, so a classroom has same risk as an isolation ward in a hospital. This is a very high risk to manage 1/
🚦 CO2 (carbon dioxide) monitors are in schools to measure exhaled air. (They don’t measure virus)

..the more people breathing, the more CO2 build up

.. the more exhaled air, the more chance of inhaling virus particles

So more clean air & fewer people reduces the risks 2/
🚦@Education_Ire guidance suggests >1500ppm is ‘poor ventilation’ but in a pandemic this is too high (3% of every breath is not clean air)

Recommended is <800ppm (<1% of every breath is not clean air)

Outdoor air is ≈420ppm (very low risk unless close)
gov.ie/en/publication… Image
Read 10 tweets

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