THREAD: The story of the week in finance is how a group of retail traders at @wallstreetbets, with assists from @ElonMusk and @Chamath, took down the establishment short sellers at GameStop.
A thread on the underlying mechanics of the $GME saga...
1/ First, for those unfamiliar with the business, GameStop is a videogame and merchandise retailer.
It has >5,000 stores, primarily in malls, across North America, Europe, and Australia.
The business has struggled to modernize, hurting its financial and stock performance.
2/ For a variety of business reasons, a bull (i.e. optimistic) case regarding its future performance has formed.
It really came to the forefront after RC Ventures, an entity managed by Chewy founder @ryancohen, disclosed a large position and assumed three board seats.
"We are excited to bring our customer-obsessed mindset and technology experience to GameStop and its strategic assets...expanding the ways in which it delights customers and by becoming the ultimate destination for gamers."
4/ At the time of that statement on January 11, $GME stock was trading at about ~$20 per share.
Since then, the stock has surged to ~$200 per share and captured the public imagination.
But how did it happen?
There are two dynamics at play: a short squeeze and a gamma squeeze.
5/ First, a short squeeze.
This occurs when short sellers (those betting against a stock, like Melvin Capital here), are forced to buy stock to exit/cover their shorts.
I wrote a primer on the short squeeze, which you can find below.
7/ When you buy a call option on $GME, someone has to sell you that option contract.
You pay them a bit of money (the premium) and they make a commitment to deliver you the underlying stock at a future date for the strike price of the option.
It's a pretty simple transaction.
8/ But in the background, the seller (often called a "market maker") has to think about their risk exposure.
If $GME rises above your strike price, they will have to buy the stock at the market price and sell it to you for the strike price, incurring a (potentially large!) loss.
9/ To hedge this risk, when the market maker sells you the option, she also goes into the market and buys a bit of the underlying stock.
The amount of stock she buys is based on the "Delta" - a ratio of how much the option price moves relative to a $1 move in the stock.
10/ "Gamma" is the rate of change of the "Delta" of the option.
As Delta and Gamma rise, the market maker gets more and more nervous!
She has to buy more stock to hedge the risk of the option being exercised in the money (i.e. with the underlying price above the strike price).
11/ So here we have the (simplified!) makings of the gamma squeeze.
As call option purchasing volumes suddenly surged (thanks to @wallstreetbets@chamath and @ElonMusk), market makers had to purchase a lot of $GME stock to hedge.
This set in motion a self-fulfilling prophecy…
12/ Market makers rushed to purchase $GME stock to hedge exposure. This drove the price of $GME up!
As the price of $GME went up, the Delta and Gamma of $GME call options rose.
This meant market makers had to buy more stock, further driving up the $GME price!
Reflexivity!
13/ So to summarize:
With $GME, we had both (1) a short squeeze - short-sellers frantically buying the stock to close/cover their shorts and (2) a gamma squeeze - call option market makers frantically buying the stock to hedge their exposure.
Result: 👇
14/ As always, I hope this thread was helpful and makes you feel more well-informed on what is happening in the crazy world of finance.
15/ In addition, my friend @ShaanVP wrote an incredible/hilarious thread on the story dynamics behind the @wallstreetbets $GME moves. Check it out here!
16/ If you enjoyed this, follow me for more educational threads on business, money, finance, and economics. You can find all of my threads in the meta-thread below.
17/ And if you are less Twitter inclined, sign up for my newsletter here, where you can find all of my old threads and receive all of my new threads directly to your inbox. sahilbloom.substack.com
How It Started (9:30am): “The stock has surged to ~$200 per share...”
How It’s Going (5:00pm):
Update: $GME trading at ~$500 per share pre-market. Buckle up...
Update: Multiple trading platforms, including @RobinhoodApp, have suspended or restricted trading on $GME and $AMC (among others). Unbelievable developing story - stay tuned.
Update: Still waiting for an answer on who is going to compensate the retail traders who lost money on $GME or $AMC today based on the trading halts...
Update: @RobinhoodApp CEO @vladtenev was interviewed on CNBC and commented on today’s events.
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In a year when the markets have minted many new self-proclaimed geniuses, it is worth remembering the Dunning-Kruger Effect.
But what is the Dunning-Kruger Effect and how does it work?
Here's Dunning-Kruger Effect 101!
👇👇👇
1/ First, a few definitions.
The Dunning-Kruger Effect is a cognitive bias in which people with low ability at a given task are prone to overestimate their ability at that task.
Put simply, humans are notoriously incapable of objective evaluation of their competency levels.
2/ The cognitive bias was first identified by psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger in a 1999 study.
Their paper, entitled Unskilled and Unaware of It, summarized, "People tend to hold overly favorable views of their abilities in many social and intellectual domains."
Warren Buffett and Charlie Munger often reference the importance of knowing the boundaries of your circle of competence.
But what is a Circle of Competence and how does it work?
Here's Circle of Competence 101!
1/ First, a few definitions.
A Circle of Competence is the set of topic areas that align with a person's expertise.
If the entire world of information were to be expressed in a circle, an individual's Circle of Competence is the small sub-circle that represents their expertise.
2/ The idea surfaced in the 1996 BH annual letter.
"You don’t have to be an expert on every company...you only have to be able to evaluate companies within your circle of competence. The size of that circle is not very important; knowing its boundaries, however, is vital."