Some highlights. Schools in US (in general) have been woefully under-ventilated even before COVID-19.
2/ Increase ventilation. Combine use of outdoor air supply & portable HEPA filtration to yield > 6/hr air change rate. For schools w/ mechanical systems, open outside air dampers and disable demand-control ventilation if it exists.
3/ It is important to flush out those classrooms even when students and teachers are out of them for some time.
4/ For schools w/o mechanical ventilation but w/ operable windows ... open two windows as far apart as possible & w/ cross flow (often possible in portables). Place a fan on high setting w/ inward flow in one window & second w/ slightly lower setting w/ outward flow.
5/ Make use of portable HEPA air filtration systems that are properly-sized. A unit w/ CADR = 300 scfm in a standard sized K-8 classroom can often yield 3 to 3.5 equivalent air changes per hour.
6/ This can lead to inhalation dose reductions of 50 to 70% (or more) for classrooms that are already under-ventilated (more than 80% of classrooms we have studied in Texas do not meet ASHRAE 62.1 standards), or for where additional ventilation is difficult.
7/ The costs for portable HEPA filtration systems that yield good inhalation dose reduction are small when broken down to the student level -- just over two Grande Frappuccinos per year (not day, week, or month). Repeat PER YEAR. Children are worth the investment. See below.
• • •
Missing some Tweet in this thread? You can try to
force a refresh
1/ I am entirely with @j_g_allen on this & have also been since last summer. This should not have been such a big deal, and just think if schools had been listening to the advice of good building scientists starting 10-11 months ago.
2/ @Portland_State does not have abundant resources. But we mobilized a team quickly in April '20, developed a plan, & spent the summer working hard to implement. Increased ventilation, MERV-13 filters where possible, portable HEPA air filtration in appropriate classrooms ..
3/ Reduced occupancy, physical distancing, required masks, revised schedules to allow more time between class use of rooms (to help flush rooms of any virus-laden particles before the next class enters).
1/ Investment in engineering and computer science education has a significant return on investment (ROI) to states.
Proud of the great ROI that the Maseeh College of Engineering and Computer Science provides the State of Oregon.
2/ Every dollar that the State spends on helping to educate one of our students yields a 320% ROI over 10 years, or 12% compounded annually.
3/ Based on a detailed analysis of graduates who stay and work in Oregon, their starting salaries, incremental annual salary increases, and use of a State income tax calculator ….
1/ Thanks to Oregon Department of Education for inviting @Wymelenberg and me to speak with a very large number of school officials in the State today about effective layered risk reduction, proven technologies, & variations across different types of school buildings/classrooms.
2/ 55 minute presentation w/ 35 minute GREAT Q&A period. Major kudos to the Department for their proactive approach to making schools as safe as possible prior to re-opening.
3/ Schools across US are suffering from confusing & inadequate guidance on ventilation & portable air filtration systems, & their importance for signif' reducing inhalation dose of virus-laden aerosol particles. Info available, but often not where schools are looking.
1/ Really enjoyed the National Conversation on Indoor Air and Schools during the Pandemic this morning and honored to have participated. Thanks to @polsiewski.
2/ One important outcome was general agreement that schools will continue to struggle to do the right thing to re-open until @CDC does a better job of guiding, particularly on making improved ventilation a prominent risk reduction step.
3/ Additional guidance on portable HEPA air cleaners and avoidance of ineffective technologies is also needed. A lot of great discussion and agreement by experts on a number of important issues that are missing from @CDC guidance.
1/ One of my slides. Cost of good portable HEPA filter system in a 600 to 800 square ft classroom with 25 students (equivalent ACH increase of 2.7 to 3.5/h). Cost is broken down by classroom and student.
2/ Cost = year 1 capital cost + annual recurring costs for filters + electricity at $0.11 per kW-hr.
Total 3-year cost per classroom < $790 (< $11/student for 75 students over 3 years).
3/ If school has 50 classrooms (larger than my K-8 school) the total cost over 3 years < $40K for entire school. Less for less classrooms.
If noise is an issue can go with 2 HEPA air filters per classroom at lower setting for around $20/student.
1/ Tragedy in Texas. When I was Chair of @ut_caee at UT Austin we implemented a new strategic vision that revolved around water, energy, growth of the built environment, and innovations in infrastructure that tie these elements together as a COMPLEX system.
2/ I was so proud of our early-career faculty who led an effort, for example, to develop a new graduate area in Sustainable Urban Systems (SuS) that rapidly grew into one of the most in-demand graduate areas in our department. Great effort. Great success.
3/ The ongoing tragedy in Texas reflects the importance of systems-oriented thinking to make cities, states, regions, and countries more resilient, and to understand the connection between built & natural environments as climate continues to change.