Lou Jiwei's claim that the US is monetizing its budget deficit to transfer its debt burden to the rest of the world, especially to developing countries like China, shows just how terribly confused even fairly intelligent people are about the...
basics of the balance of payments. Foreigners can only be "forced" to acquire US assets to the extent that their policies result in their running surpluses against US deficits. Saying that the world should not be forced to acquire American assets is exactly the same as...
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saying that the world should not be allowed to run surpluses with the US.
Clearly this is the opposite of what Beijing really wants. As long as Chinese policies result in soaring trade surpluses, it must acquire foreign assets. The reason it acquires American assets is...
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not because the US forces it to do so, but rather because no other country would be able or willing to bear the cost.
I don't know how much longer the US is going to continue running these deficits, but the great irony is that if Washington were to take aggressive steps...
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to prevent foreigners from acquiring US assets, as it probably should, the economic consequences for developing countries, and especially for surplus countries like China, would be devastating. China would no longer be able to use US demand to resolve its large and rising...
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domestic demand deficiency, and until Beijing managed its long-promised rebalancing of Chinese demand, either Chinese debt would rise even faster, or Chinese unemployment would soar.
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Guo Shuqing is right to worry about the impact on Chinese financial stability of a continued flood of foreign capital into China. Once foreigners comprise a significant share, the regulators will no longer be able to forcibly restructure...
liabilities at will in order to address the huge imbalances, insolvencies and mismatches in the Chinese banking system. What is more, the risk of contagion will increasingly run both ways. Chinese markets are thoroughly speculative too, and the only reason they don’t yet...
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matter to the rest of the world is because foreign participation is still low. This will change in the next 1-3 years.
He is also right to worry that the more integrated Chinese financial markets are with the rest of the world, the harder it will be to run independent...
We have to be careful not to misinterpret this point. Chinese investment in Australia peaked in 2016, as the chart shows, before petering off sharply in 2019-20. So of course did Australia's current account deficit, which further swung into surplus by mid-2019 and 2020.
That is what the graph below shows. In itself this shouldn't be surprising. The current account, after all, is equal to the difference between domestic investment and savings, and by definition net foreign inflows must either raise the former or reduce the latter.
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That is why whether or not Australia's current account deficit is a good thing or not depends on whether it is driven by more overall investment or less overall savings. More foreign inflows into Australia (whether from China or elsewhere) will result in more...
Guo Shuqing, China's top banking regulator, is worried that "the bubble problem in foreign financial markets will one day pop. China’s market is now highly linked to foreign markets and foreign capital continues to flow in.”
Although foreign participation in Chinese markets is still too low to matter, he is right to worry. China's banking system is rigid, unstable, and largely insolvent, but it was never at much risk of breaking down because of the ability of regulators to isolate it and...
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restructure liabilities at will.
Over time, however, as Chinese financial markets become more integrated into global markets, it will be much harder to suppress adjustment in the domestic financial sector, and so they will become much more like those of typical...
Very interesting article. It seems pretty clear that the point of massively expanding China’s transportation infrastructure over the next 15 years has more to do with the goal of doubling reported GDP over the period than with improving the...
economic efficiency of Chinese transportation. China probably already has the best transportation network in the world for its level of development, and almost certainly a more expensive transportation network than is productively justified.
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In that case there are at least three important concerns with this strategy. The first and most obvious is that the doubling of GDP will necessarily involve overstating the comparable value of GDP, so that it becomes a meaningless proxy: GDP may double temporarily, but...
While it is definitely a good idea to come up with innovative ways to fund needed infrastructure, government funding really isn’t an issue for self-liquidating projects. Consider China’s case. Chinese debt has been rising extremely rapidly since...
the late 1980s, but no one noticed until roughly two decades later.
Why? Because until then China was severely underinvested in infrastructure and manufacturing capacity, and so while nominal debt rose rapidly, its contribution to real GDP rose just as rapidly. It was...
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only once debt was used to fund investment whose cost exceeded its contribution to the real economy that China’s debt burden began to rise, after which of course additional debt can only be serviced by transfers, and not just by increases in real debt-servicing capacity.
This article on the the population aspect of Guangdong's 2020-35 plan is very interesting. Even if Guangdong is successful in growing its population by the proposed 0.8% a year between now and 2035, at a time when China's population will...
grow annually on average by only 0.1% and, more importantly, its working-age population will contract by 0.5% a year, Guangdong's success can only come at the expense of China's poorer provinces.
This isn't necessarily bad. In principle China should benefit overall...
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from greater labor mobility as workers move from slower-growing provinces to faster-growing ones (and Guangdong will not be the only wealthy province to try do this) but the amount by which it improves depends partly on the extent to which the hukou system is modified.