So I was watching a short video talking about people being confused about punctuation and can we please stop it with the notion that things which are contingent or arbitrary must also be purposeless or meaningless?
Yes, the way we use punctuation is entirely arbitrary...
...but so is the side of the road we drive on.
That doesn't make either thing purposeless. Drive on the wrong side of the road because it is arbitrary, and the meaning and function of the arbitrary rule will hit you like a mack truck. Possibly *as* a mack truck.
(I suppose I should clarify that the argument of the video in question was that the rules of punctuation, like all of the rules of grammar are fundamentally arbitrary (yes), and therefore 'boring' (maybe) and so may be safely jettisoned for a more expressive, free-form use (no))
So yes, punctuation is an arbitrary system, full of entirely arbitrary 'rules' that everyone is taught, essentially by compulsion.
But punctuation's purpose is to clarify meaning in a sentence. It can only fulfill that purpose if we all have the same ruleset for it in our heads.
So the fact that the process of determining English punctuation was arbitrary has no bearing on the value of firm 'rules' concerning punctuation.
The fact that we are all taught the *same* arbitrary set of rules (for a given language) is what gives those arbitrary rules value.
This is not to say that language doesn't evolve; of course it does.
Abandon the shared rules for language and its ability to communicate meaning is diminished. We collectively negotiate new rules all the time, but new-comers must be initiated into it as it exists.
Thus, rules.
Which is why, in language, as in so many things, one must learn the rules in order to know when to break the rules.
The skilled writer or speaker transforms language not by standing outside of the rules and ignoring them, but by standing within them with mastery of them.
And that applies to socially constructed *everything* (historically and in the present) more broadly. Just because someone is arbitrary, or socially constructed doesn't mean it isn't real and doesn't necessarily mean that it is purposeless or malignant.
Some arbitrary, socially constructed things are very bad (like racism), other arbitrary, socially constructed things are quite good (like the concept of 'democracy').
Simply pointing out they are arbitrary accomplishes little.
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It being the season, the 'I got into XYZ PhD Program!' tweets kind of break my heart.
I don't rain on any parades - if you are celebrating, celebrate. You earned it!
But there's sorrow b/c unless things change, there won't be any more jobs in 5-7 years than there are now...
...and so I find myself torn between acknowledging the academic achievements - which are very real; admissions are very selective - and mourning for the fresh souls we are feeding into the academic hazing wood-chipper and dumping from there into the job market sludge.
And I can't even offer my own odd trajectory as advice. "Get a PhD, get burned by the job market, keep trying, then get some viral tweets and reddit threads and become very-low-grade internet famous for a blog' is not a career plan.
This is a really interesting question. I can't put a full answer to the question on twitter (but it has been on the blog's to-do list for a while), but I can discuss it in a little depth and give at least some idea for folks unfamiliar and seeing it show up w/ students. 1/xx
So the quickly: Europa Universalis IV is a grand strategy game where the player plays as a state (note: not a ruler, but the state itself. Rulers come and go) between c. 1450 and c. 1800.
It is, as the name suggests, the fourth such game from Swedish developer Paradox. 2/xx
As compared to other popular historical war games like Total War or Civilization, Paradox's games (including EU4) tend to trade a lot more heavily on historical accuracy and so present at least the *idea* of being a historical simulation as much as a game. 3/xx
Pet peeve of mine, but there are many 'history facts' twitter feeds (good) and they often include images with the facts (also good) but sometimes don't the dates of the images.
Always differentiate 1 Period artwork, 2 scholarly reconstruction or 3 random early-modern painting.
Lay readers often cannot tell the different between period artwork/scholarly reconstruction and Renaissance of early modern (or modern) interpolation.
They tend to assume, quite reasonably, if you are showing a picture, it's because 'that's what it looked like.'
Now there's value too in showing, say, a Renaissance painting of a classical scene with some history facts about the event as a way to say 'look, this remained relevant an interesting, here's another take on it.'
It is really tricky to explain and even trickier to prove to readers who have perhaps not so much experience with different languages that just because a word X in foreign language is translated to word Y in English does not mean they represent precisely the same concept. 1/8
This apropos of arguing that English 'courage' isn't quite the same as Latin's fortis or virtus, or Greek's ἀνδρεία (or any other number of similarly translatable words), despite the fact that in a translation you will, of course, read 'courage' for those words. 2/8
So you end up arguing in circles because the retort comes back, "but these are all forms of courage."
But they're not! The Greeks didn't have modern English 'courage' in mind forming ἀνδρεία and senses of courage are non-overlapping. 3/8
So, 1) there was no 'Greek republic' because 2) there was no united ancient Greek state and 3) Greek self government ended because of outside (Macedonian) conquest.
Also, 4) the Romans had a Senate too, famously...that doesn't seem to have helped...
...because 5) the reason the Roman Republic collapsed (in part, welcome to 'it's complicated') was that the Senate proved sometimes unable and frequently unwilling to rein in power magistrates or to hold them accountable for their dangerous and illegal actions.
Are there warnings from ancient history about excessive polarization? Absolutely.
But there are also lots of warnings about the dangers posed by ambitious men seeking power and by cowardly politicians too scared to restrain them.
This is a good thread that I think nails the lottery nature of academia as a result of marketization, but as always I think it is then necessary to ask 'marketization in contrast to what?'
'System is bad' is true but alternatives must be considered to be useful. 1/25
So briefly, while organized university-like training existed first in East Asia and the Islamic world, the modern university's organization comes through the European tradition, where the universities were founded - often by kings - mostly to train priests. 2/25
(I am gliding over some complexity here, of course).
Moving into the early modern period, emergent European states (and later, their colonies) expand that model substantially. The model gets exported and adopted, even outside of the cultural context of its origin. 3/25