Jayati Ghosh (@Jayati1609) is absolutely right in this paper to criticize credit-rating agencies for reinforcing volatility in speculative markets and, in so doing, further undermining the very behavior that can lead to economic recovery.
Perhaps because they are paid by issuers, or because they are under constant pressure to anticipate market behavior even when these are clearly in speculative modes, credit-rating agencies have become highly pro-cyclical mechanisms that support prices on the way up and...
3/9
push them down sharply when they fall. Pro-cyclical mechanisms in speculative markets always worsen the function of markets as systems for value discovery and efficient capital allocation.
This isn't the case in well-functioning capital markets in which prices are mainly...
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driven by fundamentals. Credit-rating agencies for example have often (but not always) played a useful role rating corporate debt in large domestic markets, but it seems to me that this has not been the case for international capital markets since at least the 1970s, and...
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without serious reform to the international capital regime, is unlikely to be the case any time soon.
That is why rather than completely support or reject the role of rating agencies, it would be better for us to try to understand the institutional factors that constrain...
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commercial credit-rating agencies, in this case from supporting counter-cyclical behavior, even though this would clearly benefit the functioning of capital markets.
I wrote about this in a 2003 paper, in which I argued that it would be helpful...
if some multilateral entity (IMF? World Bank? ADB? AIIB?) were to set up a rival credit-rating agency that did not get paid by issuers and arrangers to help them raise financing and, among other things, rated the riskiness of balance sheets in a way that rewarded...
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prudent behavior and reduced financial distress costs.
I also discussed this more extensively in my 2001 book (The Volatility Machine). At any rate I support Jayati's call for an independent rating agency that correctly understands balance-sheet...
risks and, more importantly, rewards developing-countries for stabilizing their balance sheets and improving long-term growth prospects, rather than responding to short-term investor needs. This would actually help improve the the efficient long-term allocation of capital.
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Caixin provides here some very useful charts on China’s financial balance sheet. At the end of last year, total financial assets were RMB 353 trillion, or 348% of GDP, with total bank assets equal to 90.5% of total financial assets and total bank...
bank loans equal to just under half of total financial assets (172.6 trillion), or 170% of GDP.
We have no idea how much of these total financial assets should properly be classified as NPLs, but it is worth noting that in the early 2000s, when banking assets were...
3/11
roughly 120% of GDP, and other financial assets almost non-existent, Chinese estimates of the share of real NPLs ranged from 10% to 44%, with most analysts in the 20-30% range. See, for example, core.ac.uk/download/pdf/2… and www8.gsb.columbia.edu/apec/sites/ape….
I think this is an interesting set of comments by Sheng Songcheng, both for what it gets right and what I think it gets wrong. He’s right that monetary policies that attempt to curb asset bubbles can cause them to deflate quickly and disruptively.
“Tightening monetary policy cannot effectively prevent asset bubbles,” he says “but will puncture the bubbles and bring huge economic losses.”
I agree, although I also think that puncturing bubbles doesn’t bring new economic losses so much as force the recognition...
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of existing losses, or as John Mills explained as far back as 1868 “Panics do not destroy capital; they merely reveal the extent to which it has been previously destroyed by its betrayal into hopelessly unproductive works.”
Interesting article about yet another attempt by regulators to stabilize real estate prices. Will these new policies to limit participation to the largest real-estate developers make a difference? Perhaps, if soaring prices are mainly the...
consequences of their own speculative behavior. But if soaring prices are mainly caused by the speculative behavior of end buyers – and I think they almost certainly are – these new policies will mainly increase the profitability of approved real estate developers.
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And what about the smaller real-estate developers, most of whom have already proven themselves remarkably adept at skipping around regulatory constraints and have strong local political connections? Will they bow out of the business gracefully, or take to manufacturing...
Very interesting article. There are however two very different sets of debt-related risks, which I think a lot of policymakers and analysts confuse. One set consists of the risks related to “too much” debt, and the other of the risks of...
badly-structured debt, to which “too much” debt contributes, but with which it isn't synonymous, even though too many analysts seem to think it is.
“Too much” debt always leads eventually to a significant reduction in growth once debt can no longer rise quickly enough.
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This occurs because, once it is no longer goosed artificially by soaring debt, growth in economic activity must automatically slow to its sustainable level, and this is exacerbated by a vicious and often self-reinforcing combination of financial distress behavior and the...
The seemingly huge expansion in China's economic activity during the first two months of 2021 mainly reflects the near-collapse last year in the basis for comparison. But while industrial output was up 35.1% year on year, retail sales were...
up only 33.8%, and this probably exceeds the growth in consumption because of government buying included in the retail sales data. This means that after lagging industrial production severely last year, consumption continues to lag production.
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The guys at Plenum (my favorite Chinese research group), suggest that we would do better to compare the January-February data with the first two months of 2019, and they come up with a 16.9% two-year increase in industrial production (for an annualized 8.1%) versus...
While most Democrats and Republicans seem to agree on the urgent need for the US to rebuild its infrastructure so as to make American businesses more efficient and American workers more productive, there are “fundamental disagreements between the...
two sides over what counts as infrastructure — not to mention whether or not to raise taxes to pay for it."
In fact whether spending on productive infrastructure investment is paid for through government borrowing, money creation or taxes, the economic benefits of the...
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spending are the same. In each case the increase in the country’s productive capacity will be more than enough to balance the spending.
This doesn’t mean that the way in which the spending is financed is irrelevant, only that its main impact is to determine how the...