A generous reading of @conor64 et al on "viewpoint diversity on campus" implies 3 considerations:
1) viewpoint diversity for its own sake
2) ideological representation of US (or some) public
3) "coping" & engaging with disagreement
Each important, each bad in extremes
Problem with 1: If diversity in itself is important, then why not hire on absurd and rare belief systems? That would maximize diversity.
Problem with 2: Better representation of US public's ideology in academia would almost certainly reduce the number of NeverTrump conservatives (rare the public), but massively increase Trumpism on campus. That's fine, but I'm not sure that's what this coalition wants.
Problem with 3: There are probably some limits on this related to Popper's paradox of tolerance.
This discussion is one of the most conceptually amorphous and frustrating ones out there in intellectual discourse, because everybody just says "diversity" and nobody really engages with edge cases. Before we can actually discuss the issue, we need some coherent arguments!
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In light of Georgia voting rights news, here's my new working paper.
tl;dr I create & validate a measure of democracy in the states 2000-2018 and test theories of democratic backsliding. It's all about the national Republican Party.
In the ongoing crisis of US democracy, a lot of focus is on Washington. There's renewed interest in V-Dem, Polity, etc measures of democracy at the national level.
2/n
But the US has an especially decentralized form of federalism that puts election administration, districting, policing, and other democratic institutions at the state level. And that's where the crisis is.
3/n
This is a difficult discussion, and I want to be graceful about all mourning.
But the American liberal proverb "powerful political individual X doesn't owe you anything" must be destroyed. They're means to ends on behalf of millions of ordinary people, and nothing more.
For example: is descriptive representation a means or an end? The answer should be clear. It is, again, merely a means to an end via empowerment and increased participation of people with shared identities. It's not an end in an of itself.
Is the kid touching Obama's hair photo an end? Maybe to some extent. But more important is that it represents the inspiration and empowerment of young Black people, who will then participate and run for office and...ya know...implement policies that help regular Black people!
Why do 'moderates' do better in general elections? The most plausible theory consistent with the empirical research is that elites in business and media are very effective at tanking non-moderates (and yes, they use money to do it)
The Hall (2015) paper comes up a lot in these debates. What never comes up is the part of the paper on mechanisms. The most plausible mechanism is that moderates get more PAC (corporate, trade assn) money.
This theory is consistent with what we know about voter attitudes, too. On their own, few people vote based on, say, Medicare-for-All vs a public option. But elites (on all sides) use resources to frame policies, including in ways that interact with strongly held identities.
"Why a Green New Deal? Why not a standalone cap & trade or carbon tax?" you may ask.
The 2009-10 cap & trade strategy was that. The committee worked closely with industry, and the plan even had free credits to get buy-in from firms. It was a huge failure.
There's research. /1
The climate groups invited Theda Skocpol to write an "autopsy" of the cap and trade failure. Takeaways:
-Too concerned with broad public opinion, not *organization and intensity*
-Should have provided *dividends* to citizens
-Don't work with GOP
I also wrote a paper in Business & Politics about how the fossil fuel industry bargained with policymakers to weaken cap and trade while simultaneously working with outside groups to kill the bill: