1/ From 2008 to 2010 I was honored to hold the Otto Mønsted Visiting Professorship at the Technical University of Denmark. @WargockiPawel was a wonderful host, shown here in a moment of utter coolness.
2/ I also had the good fortune to overlap one of my visits with @CJWeschler, @LouiseBWeschler, & Bill Nazaroff. Charlie, Bill & I gave a trio lecture by the "Three Amigos". Photo courtesy of @LouiseBWeschler.
3/ Two of my PhD students (Erin Darling & Clement Cros) @ut_caee visited & we did expts related to perceived air quality using human panels exposed to a number of polluted & clean air streams flowing over clay-based plaster. Remarkably positive impressions of clay-treated air.
4/ And then there was the serenity of Lyngby ...
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1/ Outdoor education. This time of year and for the next two months many schools have an opportunity to have some class periods outdoors (weather, space, and local conditions permitting). Do it if you can.
2/ A very nice whiteboard on wheels costs roughly the same as an XLNT HEPA filtration system on wheels, about 2 Grande Frappuccinos per student per yr for a class of 25 students. An investment of $10/student for each is small given$15K cost of educating 1 student/yr in US.
3/ I used to occasionally teach outdoors as a faculty member at the U of Texas at Austin on nice fall and spring days. Students would bring towels to sit on. It was a wonderful way to teach, and the students seemed to like it as well.
1/ Great study. I used the results from this study and follow-up tracer experiments in restaurant X to estimate ranges of the volume of particles deposited in the respiratory systems of those infected.
2/ Results suggest as low as 1 picoliter (pL) (one-trillionth of a liter) and as high as low teens of pL for respirable particles (less than 4 microns in diameter) (greater particle sizes also modeled but volume mode is in particles less than 4 microns).
3/ This volume range was used to develop a new factor (omega) for simulations in other indoor environments, where the infector in Restaurant X is placed in a a gym, classroom, ride share vehicle, etc., and omega = inhalation dose in those settings divided by that in Restaurant X.
1/ Ozone has been regulated in the US for 43 years due to its adverse impacts on respiratory health. The image on the right shows a healthy lung tissue (top) and lung tissue exposed to ozone at only 20 ppb during four hours of moderate exercise. .....
2/ On the top image, the cilia on epithelial cells stand upright and orderly. This is important for clearing mucous that may convey deposited particles, including those that may contain pathogens. Bottom image ...
3/ In the bottom image the cilia look less ordered, less upright, and the epithelial cells appeal distorted. The arrows point to neutrophils, indicative of inflammation due to inhalation of ozone.
1/ Schools and school districts across North America are making horrific mistakes, wasting precious resources, & doing little to protect their teachers, staff, students or families. It is disappointing and difficult to see all for this unfolding ....
2/ Universal masks, outdoors if at all possible, increased ventilation, improved MERV rating for filters in mechanical systems, appropriate-sized portable HEPA filtration systems, and UVGI (upper-room in larger spaces; in mechanical system if significant recirculated air). ...
3/ That's it, folks. I highly suggest that you NOT venture from these proven approaches and technologies. Doing so puts you at high risk of wasting your district's money and doing little to protect anyone. Use proven technologies. Just do it!
Full disclosure. I want children back in school for their mental, social, & physical health, & for their future.
But I continue to be deeply concerned by a lack of attention & messaging on what needs to be done to EFFECTIVELY make schools safer.
2/ IMO, 3 ft of physical distancing is probably fine with UNIVERSAL MASK WEARING in classrooms in terms of inhalation dose by close contact.
3/ I have some concern about such distancing when masks are NOT worn, e.g., while eating, particularly given a much more infectious virus now than "coronavirus classic". I provided some guidance on lunch periods in my EPA school webinar months ago - at corsiaq.com
1/ As states struggle w/ funding higher education they should not look at this as allocation, but rather investment in both the short & long-term future. Investment in STEM education has a rapid and significant return on investment when students stay in-state after graduation.
2/ I've done a detailed analysis based on graduates of the Maseeh College of Engineering and Computer Science @Portland_State. Every $1 spent on a student yields a return on investment of 12%/yr ($320% over 10 yrs) in Oregon State income tax alone.
3/ This analysis is based on fraction of graduates employed in Oregon, starting salaries w/ annual increases, and use of the State's income tax calculator. The ROI would be much higher if property tax, start-up businesses, etc., are included.