"tracing the origins of the 5 μm threshold...ultimately revealed a conflation between various understandings and definitions of 'aerosols.' Most contemporary sources use this threshold only to explain which particles stay suspended in the air for longer times,..." /2
"yet the 5 μm distinction is clearly not based on what stays airborne but on what reaches deepest in the lungs...." /3
"It is this conflation of particle transport through the air and particle deposition in the lungs that appears to be the source of the error in distinguishing between droplet and aerosol transmission routes as defined by a 5 μm threshold." /4
Problems: this fosters misunderstanding about infectious particles not remaining airborne and codifies a particle size based on tuberculosis that does not apply to other diseases /5
CDC has historically recommended 3', even for SARS-CoV-1. Based mainly on studies showing bacteria grew on petri dishes up to a certain distance away from a person talking and limitations in visualizing small particles. /6
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COVID-19 is transmitted mainly by breathing in aerosol particles carrying the virus. Two other possible routes are 1) touching a sick person or contaminated object and 2) being sprayed by large respiratory droplets. These other routes are rarer. /1
Many cases of COVID-19 have been traced to “close contacts,” and this was incorrectly interpreted to mean that large droplets were responsible for transmitting the disease. /2
We shouldn't be afraid to call SARS-CoV-2 "airborne." This is the clearest way to convey how it is transmitted. It's not waterborne, foodborne, bloodborne, or vector-borne. It's airborne. The word can still retain its special meaning in hospitals, like the word "chart." /1
A couple of updates to my 🧵from last year: I said there is no hard cutoff between droplets and aerosols. Well, there is a difference in how we are exposed: by large droplets being sprayed on us or by breathing in aerosols. /2
The associated size cut is in the range of 50-100 μm, depending on velocity of exhalation, local air flows, humidity, etc. The size cut is nowhere near the canonical 5 μm. /3
I have no doubt that infection can happen via eyes and that large droplets can land there, but aerosols are unlikely to deposit there. If I assume 1 cm jet directed at eye, it must be 6000 mph for a 1 μm particle, 300 mph for 5 μm, 73 mph for 10 μm. /1
Aerosol scientists know that it's pretty hard to collect small aerosols by impaction; need very high velocities and tight geometry. This was for Stokes number=1. Someone should check my calcs. /2
I still recommend eye protection for close contact situations to avoid large droplet spray. And stop rubbing your eyes! /3
I keep talking about HEPA filters as inserts for masks. How do you get one? I took inspiration from @SmartAirFilters (smartairfilters.com/en/blog/hepa-f…) and decided to get one and test it. My video here: TLDR: 2-ply >95% efficient. 🧵 /1
I picked up this HEPA filter from the HVAC filter aisle at the local big box store. It's pleated and comes in a frame, so you have to cut it out and pull off glue strips, as shown in the video in my first tweet. /2
How badly does the deconstruction process damage filtration efficiency? @isjinpan looked at three types of samples: 1) pristine, 2) spanning a crease, 3) under a glue strip that I pulled off. /3
Glad to see CO2 in my classroom indicates excellent ventilation. My class has been meeting online, but this is good news for our potential to meet in person. Other classes met there yesterday, and ~20 people were there when I picked it up today. More for calcs... /1
We used a mass balance approach, although we actual did the calculations in terms of volume of CO2. /2
I forgot my cloth mask today, so it was a good day to try a mask brace for my backup surgical-type mask. A 🧵on making it and my impressions of it. /1
I used the @fixthemask DIY mask brace V2.0. I printed the template, cut it out, and traced it on a rubber sheet, the recommended 1/32" Shore 40A material. /2
I cut it out carefully with scissors (thanks Twitter for the warning to trim smoothly to reduce the chance of tearing). The top loop goes around your head, the middle peak over your nose, and the bottom loop around your chin. /3