Thread by @aamerarfath

***History of Rashidun Caliphate***
A Long Thread:

1) ABU BAKAR (RA) - 632 to 634 AD

• The Ridda Wars (or) Wars of Apostasy - These were a series of military campaigns launched by the Caliph Abu Bakr under the ablest commander Khalid bin Walid against 11 rebel Arabian...

...tribals who claimed themselves as the next Prophet during 632 and 633.

• Abu Bakr (RA) Started the conquest of Iraq in 633 AD

• Iraq Conquest - Khalid bin Walid (RA) won quick victories in four consecutive battles.

a) The Battle of Chains (April 633)
*Strategy - The weakness of Sassanian army was the lack of mobility due to heavily armed. Khalid's army was very mobile on horses & camels. He used the speed to exploit the lack of mobility of the enemy....

...
*Significance of the Battle: The Sassanian armed men linked themselves together with chains as a sign to the enemy that they were ready to die rather than to run away from the battle field in case of defeat.

b) The Battle of River (3rd week of April 633)
*Strategy - Khalid (RA) arrived very soon & he saw Persian ships still arriving at the edge of the river. He immediately understood that the Persian Army was still unprepared for the battle.

The Arab aim was to strike before the more experienced veterans would arrive.
*Significance of the Battle - Generals from both sides fought three duels (Maqal (RA) vs Qarin; Asim (RA) vs Anushjan & Adi (RA) vs Qabuz). All the three Muslim Generals won in the duel fight.

c) The Battle of Walaja (May 633)

*Strategy - Khalid (RA) decisively defeated the numerically superior Sassanian forces using a variation of the double envelopment tactical manoeuvre (A military maneuver in which forces simultaneously attack both sides of an enemy formation,

a total encirclement of the Persian army). He also won a duel fight with a Persian champion fighter to give a psychological victory for Muslims.

*Significance of the Battle - Khalid (RA) used intelligence agents to gather information.

d) The Battle of Ullais (mid-May, 633)

*Also known as Battle of Blood River.

*Strategy - Khalid (RA) tried to reach Ullais before Sassanid army but failed. Hence, he decided to fight the battle on the same day to deny the Persians time to organize and to coordinate their plans.

*Significance of the Battle - Khalid (RA) killed the Christian Arab tribal chief Abdul-Aswad in a duel fight. The fierce battle between two armies continued for hours on the junction of Euphrates & Khaseef rivers. No signs of weakness were shown on either side.

- Khalid (RA) besieged the city of Al-Hirah, the regional capital city of lower Mesopotamia. With these battles, Iraq came under the control of Muslims.

- In 634 AD, Khalid (RA) was sent to Byzantine front in the Levant.

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Sources:

History of Caliphs - Jalaluddin As Sayuti

Typo - had the lack of mobility***