Cam Dhoire (the crooked wood), an Ancient Woodland in Glen Mallie, Lochaber
like so many now remote woods in the Highlands, this place has almost been erased - culturally by the expulsion of people from the Glen during the clearances, and physically by centuries of overbrowsing
the 2 are of course interrelated: much of the Highlands was cleared of people to make way for large scale sheep ranching, made possible by the extermination of wolves. without wolves or effective mgmt, deer now perpetuate ecological impacts of ranching even after sheep removal
consequently, places like Cam Dhoire are falling apart - for centuries sheep/deer have eaten all of the young trees, so when old ones die there is nothing to replace them. this is only possible because of earlier cultural erasure, which prevents us from responding effectively
incidentally, Cam Dhoire is one of the most interesting woods I know - 100s of pine stumps scattered through it suggest it used to be a mixed pine-birch wood, while today it is almost all birch (with 2 surviving wild pines!)
its also full of wood ant nests, which are pretty scarce in the west of Scotland. these are missing from the vast dying pinewood in Glen Mallie, probs exterminated by past fire
and as usual, much of the wood's former diversity can still be glimpsed in inaccessible pockets along a ravine, where hazel, ash, juniper, serrated wintergreen, stone bramble and other woodland wildflowers have escaped overbrowsing/grazing
Cam Dhoire is part of a >75000 acre estate (!!!), which includes >1000 acres of degenerating woodland. it is anti-democratic and unjust that anyone is allowed to degrade and extinguish nature on this scale - time to let people who care manage the land, time for #LandReform
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this shoulder of woodland may be one the richest sites for rare plants in Co. Derry. although a 'Site of Local Nature Conservation Importance', it is imminently threatened by quarrying - which is able to take place without ecological safeguards due to a planning loophole (thread)
why is this wood so rich? the trees here have grown up amongst giant boulders, which have likely provided protection from grazing livestock for centuries. as a result, many of the species here are absent from woods in the surrounding landscape
there are signs that the wood may be ancient (around since at least 1650):
🌳 many trees have large stools and multiple stems (pics 1&2)
🌳 old-woodland associated lichens are present (pic 3)
🌳 there's a high diversity of woodland wildflowers (pic 4) @WoodlandTrust
within 12 years, Scotland plans to create around 10 Glasgows-worth of new 'woodland', primarily through tree planting.
what if i told you that this could not only be done, but done better, *without* planting a single tree?
thread:
firstly, trees have managed to successfully plant themselves for at least 385 million years. they're actually really good at it! if they weren't, they'd not have made it back to Scotland after the last ice age.
we call trees planting themselves 'natural regeneration'
natural regeneration is the reason most ancient woods in the Highlands exist - they're made up of *wild trees*, descendants of those that recolonised Scotland after the ice age.
wild trees are generally more variable than planted ones (both genetically and in form):
1) for the last 60 years, we've been funding a campaign to exterminate Europe's wildlife. through the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), hundreds of billions of euros of public money have been funnelled into destroying wildlife-rich meadows, woods, wetlands and rivers
2) while the precise formula has varied over the years, CAP essentially requires farmers to wreck nature in order to receive larger subsidies. agricultural intensification - responsible for so much pollution and wildlife loss - is one of CAP's core aims
3) CAP also favours larger farms over small ones, which twinned with intensification has driven down the number of people actually working the land.
in 1973 Ireland had around 263000 farm workers versus only ~85000 today (iiea.com/wp-content/upl…)
large herbivores, trees and flowers: an Irish and Scottish perspective 🐂🌳🌼(thread, a bit detailed).
outside of cities, our surroundings are massively shaped by the actions of large herbivores - cattle, horses, sheep and deer - alongside our efforts to manage or exploit them
in the lowlands, our efforts to exploit cattle primarily determines how the landscape looks (intensively managed grass fields), except in surviving woods, wetlands and meadows.
in the uplands the actions of the herbivores themselves are more important (the focus of this thread)
large herbivores mainly influence vegetation by feeding. when they eat trees and other woody plants we call this browsing, and when they eat grasses, wildflowers and other non-woody plants we call this grazing.
the rate of browsing/grazing is how much they eat over time
western Ireland and Britain are among a handful of places on Earth where temperate rainforest can form. this thread is a mini guide to some of the things you can find there:
1) trees drenched in mosses and ferns. hyperhumid conditions mean that plants don't need to rely on soil for moisture, releasing them to carpet leaning tree trunks and snakey branches
2) lichens- lots and lots of lichens, a few of which are found nowhere else in the world. some of the big leafy ones turn nitrogen from the air into fertiliser for their host trees