Petr Alekseivich was born in 1672 to Aleksei Mikhailovich, Tsar of Russia, and Natalia Narishkina. Aleksei died in 1676 and Petr's elder half brother, Feodor, became the Tsar. But Feodor was physically weak and was dominated by the Miloslaskys, his maternal family. 1/10
Feodor's death in 1682 brought Petr and his other elder half brother, Ivan, as joint Tsars. Since Ivan was also weak, their elder sister, Sofia became Regent. But by 1689, Petr had dismissed Sofia and taken over the rule. Ivan's death in 1696 gave Petr solo rule. 2/10
By 1689, the conquest of Siberia had been completed, but Russia still lacked the lucrative access of the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea. First Petr set off for Azov on the Black Sea coast. It fell in 1696 and soon Russian Navy was born. 3/10
Next he set his sights to the north. Alliance against Sweden in 1700 started with defeat. The Swedes won at Narva in 1700 and alliance soon faltered. But Petr persevered, taking Narva in 1704 and worked on building a new city from his gains against Sweden - Saint Petersburg. 4/10
Petr also had to deal with internal divisions, a rebellion in Astrakhan and the Cossacks led by Kondraty Bulavin. Both were suppressed. But in 1708, Ivan Mazepa, Cossack hetman who served Petr in Ukraine switched his support to Sweden. 5/10
Petr met them at Poltava in 1709 and defeated them. Mazepa and the Swedish King escaped to Ottoman Moldavia. Tsar Petr was now in the driving seat in his war against Sweden. Though the Swedish King returned in full force, his death in 1718 put things in Russia's favour. 6/10
In 1716, Petr's son, Aleksei, ran away to Vienna. Born in 1690, the only son of Tsar Petr, did not see eye to eye with his father. But once his father traced him out, he returned to Russia, where his father disinherited and imprisoned him, where he later died in 1718. 7/10
The Great Northern War ended in 1721 at Nystad and confirmed Russia's conquest of Swedish Livonia and Estonia, captured in 1710, along with Swedish Ingria captured earlier. Now the Tsar had access to both the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea. 8/10
On 22 October 1721, Petr was declared as the Imperator (Emperor) of all Russia. Tsar Petr was now the Emperor of all Russia, a Russia that connected the Baltic to the Pacific. Next to him was his former mistress, Martha, whom he had married in 1711, as Empress Ekaterina. 9/10
Petr died in 1725 and was succeeded by Ekaterina. 11 year old Petr, Petr's grandson and Aleksei's son, would succeed his step grandmother in 1727 on her death, but he would die shortly in 1730. It would take till 1741 for Russia to stabilise under Empress Elisaveta. 10/10
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Ivan Vasilievich was born in 1530 to Vasily Ivanovich, Grand Prince of Moscow and Ielena Glinskaia. Vasily's death in 1533, followed by Ielena's in 1538, put Ivan and his younger brother, Iurii, in a precarious position dominated by the nobility. 1/10
Moscow had grown in power since 1263, dominating other Rus' principalities. But inter generational strife was very much present. Vasily had effectively usurped his nephew Dmitry, while Vasily's younger brothers, Iurii and Andrei, had been imprisoned in 1533 to avoid war. 2/10
Hugh Ó Néill was born around 1550 to Feardorcha Ó Néill, Baron Dungannon, and Joan Macguire. Feardorcha Ó Néill was an illegitimate son of Conn Ó Néill, the first Earl of Tyrone and the last King of Tír Eoghain. The Earldom was received when Ireland became a Kingdom in 1542. 1/10
Ó Néills hailed from the ancient Kingdom of Uí Néill in Ireland. Hugh Ó Néill's family had their base in Cenél nEógain, centred around Tír Eoghain from late 1100s. In 1542, King Henry VIII of England was declared King of Ireland and Conn Ó Néill submitted to the new King. 2/10
Encomium Emmae reginae, written in the 11th century, perhaps at the request of Emma of Normandy, Queen of England, who sons ruled England from 1040 to 1066. 1/5
Richard de Clare was born around 1130 to Gilbert de Clare and Isabel de Beaumont. The de Clares were an influential family in Norman England, descended from Geoffroy de Brionne, an illegitimate son of Duke Richard of Normandy. 1/10
Gilbert's grandfather, Richard de Brionne, had come with Guillaume of Normandy in 1066 and was rewarded with the Lordship of Clare and Tonbridge. Gilbert was made Earl of Pembroke in 1138 by King Etienne de Blois, though he changed sides on and off during Anarchy. 2/10
Very Jenneric (Is that a word ?) leap of thought from a veterinarian relative, based on anecdotal data of low infection of Covid among vets. (Cannot verify if that is a real thing) connecting immunity to bovine coronavirus. Google popped up this. 1/3
I first read about the Kalmar Union when I was in school. The idea that the entirety of Scandinavia used to be a single country, albeit briefly, was surprising - Denmark, Sweden with parts of Finland in tow, Norway with Iceland, Greenland, Faroe Islands and parts of Scotland. 1/6
It was an initiative of Queen Margrethe who was the ruler of all three Kingdoms in 1397. Though the union was stable during her rule, it started having trouble after her death in 1412. 2/2
It was during this time that the German House of Oldenburg became a regnal dynasty. During the Napoleonic period, this family's rule stretched from the north western end of Europe to the north eastern end of Asia. 3/3