Natufians reached North Africa by 13,100-11,900 BC & mixed with a lost NW African race, forming a 2/3 Natufian & 1/3 Lost NW African mix that ruled N Africa through 5000 BC. By 3800 BC more Levantine-like (Cardial Ware?) had spread around North Africa.
Modern Egyptians have far more sub-Saharan ancestry than ancient Egyptians.
Lot of genetic heterogeneity between and within North African Arabs & Berbers
Agricultural practices of a medieval Russian peasant
Russia’s 15th century population growth & increased density led to less freedom for peasants & more intensive agriculture. Landowners & monasteries tried to attract peasants to work their lands.
Large & undeveloped private landholdings in the far north were used as source of trade goods, mostly furs.
Bronze Age trade from the copper mines of the Urals to Mesopotamia via BMAC realms of Central Asia began in 22nd century BC. One 19th century BC merchant from Ur bought 20 tons of copper in one purchase.
Known copper & tin mines of 2200-1800 BC (labeled as “C” & “T” respectively) as well as the cultures & realms of the period.
Tin was 10x more costly than silver in Bronze Age Syria. Some tin in mid-Bronze Age came from Zeravshan River basin - river that once flowed into Amu Darya. Indo-Iranian Andronovo people invaded the region around 2000 BC, depopulating it & exploiting its tin mines.
The "Harry Potter" series involves a conflict between two small groups of blood-defined supermen over whether or not they should exclude an even smaller group. The books also describe a financial system controlled by hook nosed goblins (literally).
Baffling that this series ever became as popular as it did, & I don't expect its popularity or distribution in USA to last. I'd guess that hostility from Christian right in early 2000s let it slip past liberal sensibilities.
Early Bronze Age Greece (~3200-2600 BC) was mostly EEF in ancestry with a significant amount of CHG ancestry from Anatolian migrants. Indo-European invaders who were ~50% PIE/Steppe in ancestry invaded Greece in mid-Bronze Age ~2600-2000 BC. sciencedirect.com/science/articl…
the two pre-IE men from Greece in the early Bronze Age had Y-haplogroups of J2a (most commonly found in Georgia) and an uncommon branch of G2. isogg.org/tree/2011/ISOG…
The peoples of the Aegean of the early Bronze Age 3200-2600 were (relatively) homogenous in ancestry - mostly EEF with a significant amount of CHG ancestry. See the admixture graph under "Greece & Cyprus EMBA" - brown is EEF, cyan is CHG.
Six migrations to the Philippines of peoples related to North Negritos, South Negritos, Manobo, Sama, Papuans, and Cordillerans. Spanish made little genetic impact, less than 1%. Sama have a little Indian ancestry. pnas.org/content/118/13…
Philippines cover 7,641 islands, but were all one island in last Ice Age