Pathogenic priming likely contributes to serious and critical illness and mortality in COVID-19 via autoimmunity ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…
Here I provide an assessment of potential for human pathogenesis via autoimmunity via exposure, via infection or injection.
SAR-CoV-2 spike proteins, and all other SARS-CoV-2 proteins, immunogenic epitopes in each SARS-CoV-2 protein were compared to human proteins in search of high local homologous matching.
Unintended consequences of pathogenesis from vaccines are not new, nor are they unexpected. They are unanticipated only if those who develop them do not include available knowledge in their formulation plan.
For example, the H1N1 influenza vaccine used in Europe led to narcolepsy in some patients, resulting from homology between the human hypocretin (aka, orexin) receptor 2 molecule and proteins present in the vaccine.
The fact that pathogenic priming may be occurring involving autoimmunity against multiple proteins following CoV vaccination is consistent with other observations observed during autoimmunity, including the release of proinflammatory cytokines and cytokine storm.
Similar to the SARS-CoV animal studies, found that mice vaccinated against MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) development exaggerated pulmonary immunopathology when challenged with the MERS virus following vaccination.
They reported that lung mononuclear infiltrates were observed in all groups after virus challenge, and that increased infiltrates that contained eosinophils and the eosinophil promoting IL-5 and IL-13 cytokines were observed only in the vaccinated animals.
Pathogenic priming may be more or less severe in vaccine or infection induced immune responses to some proteins than for others due to original antigenic sin;
the immunologic reaction against self-antigens may be made less severe as fast-evolving viruses evolve away from the original vaccine type.
SARS-CoV-2 has some unexplained pathogenic features that might be related to the table of putative pathogenic priming peptides.
Exposure to these specific peptides - via either infection or vaccination - might prime patients for increased risk of enhanced pathogenicity during future exposure due either to future pandemic or outbreaks or via universal vaccination programs.
This study in April 2020 actually warned priming of Human Body immune system with a Pathogen like Spike Protein of Sars-CoV-2 for purposes of Vaccines could lead to future complications and may need further studies on it.
It also talks about animal studies to be conducted to ascertain the risk of Pathogen priming like was seen in MERS. In current scenario for reference in Sars CoV 2, one can refer to Pfizer & AstraZeneca Bio Distribution studies & clinical trials on Animals.
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<50 Years - 2 Deaths after 1st Dose, No Deaths after 2nd dose & 6 Deaths in Unvaccinated
>50 Years - 17 Death after Dose 1 & 50 Deaths after Dose 2 & 38 in Unvaccinated
Vaccine efficacy in reducing Hospitalisation after Dose 1 is 80% & after 2 Doses is 96%
CFR is much less in Delta Strain to infection being in Younger Section & large scale vaccination. Hospitalisation Rate is comparatively flatter than Cases Load in 3rd wave induced by Delta Strain.
Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections in an eastern state of India: A preliminary report | Research Square researchsquare.com/article/rs-649…
Out of 274 samples with breakthrough infection, 35 (12.8%) individuals received Covaxin and 239 (87.2%) individuals received Covishield.
The median age for breakthrough infection among referred cases was 47.0 years (IQR: 28.0) with a signicantly older age group among Covishield recipients (Table 1).
major goal of antibodies is to bind to the pathogen and prevent it from infecting, or entering, a cell. Antibodies that prevent entry into cells are called neutralizing antibodies. Many vaccines work by inducing neutralizing antibodies.
However not all antibody responses are created equal. Sometimes antibodies do not prevent cell entry & on rare occasions, they may actually increase the ability of a virus to enter cells & cause a worsening of disease through a mechanism called antibody-dependent enhancement ADE.
ADE occurs when the antibodies generated during an immune response recognize and bind to a pathogen, but they are unable to prevent infection. Instead, these antibodies act as a “Trojan horse,” allowing the pathogen to get into cells and exacerbate the immune response.
Summary of Various studies on Vaccines & on various strains of SARS-Cov-2 :
Original SARS-CoV-2 strain from Wuhan
Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection - Nature Peer reviewed study of 17th May 2021
Nature Study on Original Wuhan Strain of SARS-CoV-2
>Novovax (Protein Sub Unit Vax Tops) - 98%
> Pfizer & Moderna - 95% after 2 Doses
> Sputnik - 95% 2 Doses
> COVAXIN - 80% 2 Doses
> AstraZeneca- 78% {2 doses after 8 weeks, post 12 weeks 90%]
> SINOVAC - 55% after 2 Doses
first dose of ChAdOx1 was found to be associated with small increased risks of ITP, with suggestive evidence of an increased risk of arterial thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events.
The attenuation of effect found in the SCCS analysis means that there is the potential for overestimation of the reported results, which might indicate the presence of some residual confounding or confounding by indication.
The SARS-CoV-2 high infectivity is due to the functional polybasic furin cleavage site in the S protein. How it was acquired is unknown. There are two challenges to face: (i) an evolutionary model, to fit the origin of the coronavirus; and (ii) a molecular mechanism for the site
Here we show genomic fingerprints which are specific of Pangolin-CoVs, Bat-SARS-like (CoVZC45, CoVZXC21), bat RatG13 and human SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses.