Rose Valland was a French art historian, member of the French Resistance, captain in the French military, and one of the most decorated women in French history.
She secretly recorded details of the Nazi plundering of National French and private Jewish-owned art from France...
and, working with the French Resistance, saved thousands of works of art.
For her heroic efforts, Valland received the Legion of Honor, the Medal of the Résistance, the Officer’s Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, and...
was made a Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters by the French government. In addition, she was awarded the United States Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1948.
Despite these many honors, it wasn’t until 1953, after twenty years of service to the French museums, that Rose Valland, perhaps the most highly decorated woman in France, received the title of “curator.”
Although Valland retired in 1968, she remained active in the art community and continued her dogged efforts to find and return works of art that had been stolen from France during the war. tinyurl.com/4ty7rwzk
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Colorized by me: Allan Pinkerton on horseback at Antietam, Md, during the American Civil War. September 1862. 🇺🇸
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Pinkerton was a Scottish–American detective and spy, best known for creating the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. 📸Alexander Gardner.
When the Civil War began, he served as head of the Union Intelligence Service during the first two years, heading off an alleged assassination plot in Baltimore, Maryland while guarding Abraham Lincoln on his way to Washington, D.C. tinyurl.com/a2bhhxwj
Widowed at 27, Madame Clicquot brought her business back from the brink of destruction and created the modern champagne market in the process.
"I’d like to risk my inheritance, I’d like you to invest the equivalent of an extra million dollars in me running this wine business."
Her husband died in 1805, leaving her in control of a company involved in banking, wool trading, and champagne production. Under Madame Clicquot's control, the house focused entirely on champagne, and thrived using funds supplied by her father-in-law.
Colorized by me: Katherine Douglas Smith addressing a crowd of men at Portsmouth, circa 1910.
"The young women of today, free to study, to speak, to write, to choose their occupation, should remember that every inch of this freedom was bought for them at a great price....
It is for them to show their gratitude by helping onward the reforms of their own times, by spreading the light of freedom and of truth still wider. The debt that each generation owes to the past it must pay to the future.” - Abigail Scott Duniway, suffragist, 1834-1915.
Widowed at the age of 21, Martha Coston met the challenge of providing for her four children by inventing a system of maritime signal flares. She found the idea in her dead husband's notebooks, but his system did not work.
Coston thought she could do better; and she was right.
Over several months, she worked diligently to make the idea a reality. In her memoirs she wrote:
"(...) The men I employed and dismissed, the experiments I made myself, the frauds that were practiced upon me, almost disheartened me; but...
... I treasured up each little step that was made in the right direction, the hints of naval officers, and the opinions of the different boards that gave the signals a trial. I had finally succeeded in getting a pure white and a vivid red light."
Agnes Bertha Marshall was an English culinary entrepreneur who became a leading cookery writer in the Victorian period. She was dubbed the "Queen of Ices" for her works on ice cream and other frozen desserts.
Her 1888 cookery book included a recipe for "cornets with cream", possibly the earliest publication of the edible ice cream cone. She also gave public lectures on cooking, and ran an agency for domestic staff.
Agnes was granted a patent in 1885 for an improved ice cream machine that could freeze a pint of ice cream in five minutes. She also suggested using liquid nitrogen to make ice cream, a method Heston Blumenthal uses today in his three-star Michelin restaurant The Fat Duck.
One of the pioneers of elasticity theory, she won the grand prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences for her essay on the subject. Despite initial opposition from her parents, she gained education from books in her father's library.
In lieu of a formal education, unavailable to women until more than a century later, Germain supplemented her reading and her natural gift for science by exchanging letters with some of the era’s most prominent mathematicians.
After sharing her thinking with mathematician Siméon Denis Poisson, Sophie's ideas were borrowed and published by Poisson as his own work on elasticity, giving Germain no credit.