Siege of Antioch, 1098 AD, between Crusaders and Turks, led by Yagi Siyan.
After months of siege, the crusaders bribed a gatekeeper named Firoz.
They then entered the city, at night and massacred every Muslim, Jew they could find.
However, the Crusaders were themselves besieged by Karbogha, a warlord, who came to help the Muslims.
The crusaders tried diplomacy with Karbogha, but it was unsuccessful.
Their supplies were running out and they had only 200 horses left.
At this moment, a pilgrim named Peter Bartholomew came forward claiming to have had visions of St. Andrew, who told him that the Holy Lance was inside the city.
He along with some of his disciplines, went inside the church, dug up the earth and came out with rusty piece of metal
Peter proclaimed that this relic was the holy spear --- the spear that was used to stab Christ's body, as he lay on the cross.
Christians got their mojjo back and with increased religious fervor they decided to attack the Muslims camped outside the city gates.
With the Holy Spear, the Christians opened the city gates, and marched out to confront Karbhoga's arny.
Karbhoga did not attack them at this point, but allowed the Christians to assemble in full battle arrey.
The Christian sources speak of another miracle, which they saw.
The Christians had visions of three saints riding along with them: St. George, St. Mercurius, and St. Demetrius, on white horses & dressed in white.
Karbogha's army didn't attack them piece-meal, but in isolation, & superior Christian discipline routed the disorganized Muslims.
Karbogha's army fled back in terror, and the Crusaders created a Crusader State named 'Principality of Antioch'.
Bohemond of Tarento was given Antioch, which his successors ruled for decades.
End
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The short thread would try and identify Vikramaditya, mention legends about him and would place him historically, in proper space and time.
Name:
'Vikramaditya' is a title and not a name.
Vikramaditya= Valour like the Sun.
And there have been plenty of kings, who have been identified with this title.
Let us describe them one by one.
Vikramaditya of Ujjain ( 57 BCE)
The earliest references to Vikramaditya is in 'Britha-katha manjari', however the book is lost and portions of it may be Gupta era interpolations, like in Katha-saritasagara.
The Nandas were a dynasty of ancient Magadha, which created a large empire from Beas river to Odhisa.
They were exceedingly rich, powerful and perhaps the first Shudra dynasty of India.
Dates:
1) Vishnu Puran gives a date of 40 years of Nandas reign;
2) Matasya Purana gives 88 years ;
3) Tāranātha gives 29 years to Nanda dynasty.
Historians have given the dates which ranges from 387 BCE to 345 BCE.
Origins of Nandas : Buddhist Sources
Urgrasena Nanda or Mahapadma Nanda :-
The pali texts on the origin of Nandas present a glimpse on the origin of Nandas. His early life was quite romantic. Originally, he was from frontiers ( pachhanta-vasika).
The war was a culmination of at least two decades of Greek efforts to subjugate NW parts of India.
The war was fought between two of the greatest empires of the ancient times... The Seleucid Empire and The Mauryan Empire.
Prelude:
It must be known that Alexander of Macedon, during his conquest of the known world between 334-325 AD, subjugated whole of NW India, from Khyber to lower Indus, during a period of 19 months, between 327-325 BCE.
However, Alexander returned to Babylon as he faced mutiny at the Beas river, which was the eastern most limit of his empire.
After his death, without issue on 10 June, 323 BCE, his generals called ' Diadochi' ( succesors), divided this huge empire, from Macedonia to Indus.
Gupta art receives adequate expression in sculptures & temples.
These are all connected with one or another of the different religions then prevailing in the country & are meant to serve their interests.
Temple Architecture
A great innovation in the Field of Architecture was the use for first time of dressed stone - masonry as an imp step taken in the technique of building construction.
Architecture, composed of stone-masonry was first seen in emergence of the Hindu temple.
Some Hindu text do not for long favour an elaborate architecture.
For e.g 'Satapata Brahmana' describes a Hindu shrine as consisting of two sheds ' formed of posts & beams, and covered with reeds & mats'.
Ashoka was the son of Emperor Bindusara and was the last great Mauryan Emperor under whom the geographical boundaries of India extended over most of the subcontinent.
304 BCE : Birth of Ashoka, parents are Bindusara and Dharma
286 BCE: Ashoka sent out by his father, Bindusara as his Viceroy of Ujjain.
286 BCE: Ashoka marriage to Devi of Vidisha, when he is 18 years old
284 BCE: Birth of Mahendra, Ashoka's eldest son.
282 BCE: Birth of Ashoka's daughter, Sanghamitra
273 BCE: An eventful year
a) Death of Bindusara ;
b) War of Succession ;
c) Death of Crown Prince Susima;
d) Ashoka's accession to the throne
e) Birth of Prince Susima's son Nigrodha.