@lalani_safina @maudi_ahmed @AntibioticDoc (1/n) There is going to be done variation in immune response among people who are fully vaccinated. Some people will have a stronger, more effective response than others, older people will tend to see their protection wane more quickly.
@lalani_safina @maudi_ahmed @AntibioticDoc (2/n) Although the numbers are small, breakthrough infections in Israel are happening more often among those first vaccinated, at the six month mark, but is this because the vaccines are wearing off due to it being six months or that older people were vaccinated first - or both?
@lalani_safina @maudi_ahmed @AntibioticDoc (3/n) Difficult to say at this point. But that kind of variation, while troubling, isn't as dangerous as a mix of vaccinated and unvaccinated. everyone is vaccinated, there may be some transmission, but chains of transmission will tend to burn themselves out.
@lalani_safina @maudi_ahmed @AntibioticDoc (4/n) But with the mix, the virus had the chance to be exposed to antibodies in weakened subjects, then create multiple chains of infection in the unvaccinated, then infect more people who have been vaccinated but are having a weaker response. Each time it infects someone...
@lalani_safina @maudi_ahmed @AntibioticDoc (5/n) who had a weaker immune response the virus is able to acquire a greater degree of Immune escape and the immunity conferred by being vaccinated is generally more degraded.
@lalani_safina @maudi_ahmed @AntibioticDoc (6/n) And unfortunately those who are only partially vaccinated in virtue of having had only one shot of a two shot vaccine simply accelerate the process. Furthermore, you can receive two shots and still not be fully vaccinated. It takes two weeks after the second shot...
@lalani_safina @maudi_ahmed @AntibioticDoc (7/7) before one achieves peak immunity. We need to get those second shots into arms before the wave really begins to build. Especially with Delta as it shows little reaction to a single shot of a two shot vaccine.

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More from @TimothyChase

28 Jun
@lalani_safina @macroliter Lambda first found in Peru had the Pango lineage name of C.37. The deletion you are looking for is likely what the following paper refers to as the novel deletion Δ246-252 .

virological.org/t/novel-sublin…
@lalani_safina @macroliter Another paper on Lambda focusing on the mutation:

medrxiv.org/content/10.110…
@lalani_safina @macroliter As for the general significance of deletions...

medrxiv.org/content/10.110…
Read 6 tweets
7 Jun
@lalani_safina @giorgilab (1/n) Actually the T478K mutation is found in "Delta" B.1.617.2. as you can tell was the substitution from T to k we are looking at a neutrally charged amino acid being replaced by a positively charged amino acid which means that it will be more difficult...
@lalani_safina @giorgilab (2/n) for the immune system to create antibodies that will counteract it. However at least with the variant discovered in Mexico we found that this mutation has an especially high free binding energy to the ACE2 receptor. As such it binds much more tightly to the receptor and...
@lalani_safina @giorgilab (3/n) this likely explains much of the increased transmissibility.

Regarding Delta:

"In particular, the Spike protein contained 9
mutations, when compared to the D614G strain (belonging to the basal B.1 lineage) used here as a
reference, including five mutations..."
Read 8 tweets
25 May
(1/n) #B1617 #variants (dropping the dots for the hashtag) "... the B.1.617.2 variant has mutations called 452R and 478K, which Tang says are both linked to increased transmissibility. Both mutations alter the spike protein...."
nature.com/articles/d4158…
(2/n) [L]452R is believed to result in the spike binding more closely to the ACE2 receptor and may simultaneously result in a degree of Immune escape. From analysis of B.1.429 which has the same mutation...
(3/n) "This replacement is predicted to create a much stronger attachment of the virus to the human cells and also might allow it to avoid the neutralizing antibodies that try to interfere with this attachment." (2021 Feb 26)

newsroom.uw.edu/news/single-mu…
Read 21 tweets
28 Mar
@beuchelt @GYamey @rjar1980 (1/n) At least in the relevant physics communities among members publishing in the peer reviewed literature, the acceptance of Einstein's special theory of relativity was rapid. A matter of a few years.
@beuchelt @GYamey @rjar1980 (2/n) This was in part thanks to the efforts of individuals such as a Lorentz and Planck. And despite the complexity of his theory of gravity, it's acceptance in the peer reviewed literature was even more rapid.
@beuchelt @GYamey @rjar1980 (3/n) There were of course antisemite scientists, particularly in Germany with the rise of Nazism, but there protests were almost entirely a matter of the popular press and politics, not peer reviewed literature.

Darwin? His case is a little more interesting.
Read 16 tweets

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