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16 Jul, 4 tweets, 1 min read
This is the metal activity series

It is not intended to be used to show the biological importance of elements.

However, when looking at it you’ll notice:

Potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium are all near the top. Image
While at the bottom are elements you wouldn’t want much of in your body.

The elements at the top are often seen in strong bases which will ionize completely.

These ions are then needed in the synapse between nerve cells to transfer energy & get the nerve to fire.
I found it interesting that potassium is at the top, since those with a potassium deficiency can experience muscle twitching.

Muscle twitching can also be seen in those that have a deficiency in the other top elements: sodium, calcium & magnesium.
I thought this was an interesting connection to make while studying chemistry since this is not the intended use of the metal activity series.

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More from @jessdiscala

21 Jul
Cell Danger Response (CDR)

8 major changes initiated by the mitochondria to combat viruses, bacteria, & chemical toxins.

Consistent CDR expression results in chronic cellular inflammation, leading to long-term disease. Image
The CDR is a set of changes made in the cell, controlled & initiated by the mitochondria, that serve to protect the cell from threat/stress/injury/infection & signal a warning to neighboring cells.
The mitochondria has its own DNA which encodes about 1300 proteins to help it carry out its many functions; one of those being the ability to sense a disturbance in electron flow & sulfur oxidation.
Read 12 tweets
14 Jun
UV-ray DNA damage repair
[thread]

Here I will go over:
⁃DNA Pol Eta (translesion synthesis)
⁃Nucleotide Excision Repair

These are two mechanisms that work proficiently to prevent skin cancer, & are part of why I believe the sun does not cause it.
UV rays can cause a wide variety of damage to DNA. They most commonly break the backbone of DNA which causes single & double stranded breaks.
They can also cause thymine dimers:

Thymine dimers are when two thymines that are next to each other on a strand get covalently bonded together, which contorts them into a shape where they are not able to form H-bonds with their base pair.
Read 17 tweets

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