Richard was born in 1209 to King John of England and Countess Isabelle of Angoulême. In the middle of a civil war in 1216, King John died and was succeeded by his elder son, Henry. The English barons had allied with French Prince, Louis, to overthrow King John. 1/10
William Marshal, the Regent for King Henry, turned the tide in favour of the King by pacifying the barons and defeating the French at Lincoln in 1217.
In 1225, Henry made Richard Earl of Cornwall. Cornwall was an ancient region, a Celtic Kingdom during Anglo Saxon times. 2/10
Cornwall was a base for the Celtic tribe Dumnonii and was an exporter of tin to Europe before c. 1,000 BC. Dumnonia was separated from other Celtic Kingdoms of Britain around 577, but it would take till 838 for the West Saxon Kingdom (Wessex) to capture Cornwall. 3/10
Richard tried to make Cornwall his base banking on Arthurian legends. His actions often put him in conflict with his brother, like siding with barons against his brother or opposing their sister's marriage to Simon de Montfort. But the brothers would eventually reconcile. 4/10
In 1239, Richard set out for a Crusade, leading the English contingent. Jerusalem had been lost to the Ayyubids earlier in the year and Richard brought back Jerusalem and Ashkelon to the Crusader side. He returned to England in 1241, after fortifying Ashkelon. 5/10
In 1245, his brother-in-law, Friedrich, Holy Roman Emperor & King of Germany, was excommunicated by the Pope. Richard was proposed as an alternate to Friedrich, but someone else got elected. In 1256, opportunity knocked again and this time he was elected as King of Germany. 6/10
Though Richard was crowned in Aachen in 1257, he was opposed by King Alfonso X of Castile, who was also elected as King by another set of German nobles. His stay in Germany was brief as he returned to England to help his brother overthrow provisions imposed by Parliament. 7/10
The overthrow led to another war with the barons, and the Kings Henry and Richard had to fight against the English barons led by their brother-in-law, Simon de Montfort. Defeat at Lewes led to Richard's and crown prince Edward's imprisonment. 8/10
But Edward escaped and Montfort steadily lost allies when the royals and barons met again at Evesham in 1265. This time the victory was for the King and Montfort met his death. Richard was subsequently freed.
In late 1268, Richard went to Germany, the fourth visit as King. 9/10
Richard died in 1272, leaving two legitimate sons, both of whom died childless. The ambiguity over the rule in Germany would be completed only after the Battle on the Marchfeld in 1278, when Rudolf of Habsburg defeated Ottokar of Bohemia. 10/10
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Konstantin Roger Friedrich von Staufen was born in 1194 to Henrich von Staufen, Holy Roman Emperor (King of Germany) and Constance, Queen of Sicily. Heinrich's death in 1197 led to the disarray of his realms. Opposing factions elected two new Kings to succeed Heinrich. 1/10
Otto of Brunswick and Heinrich's younger brother, Philipp von Staufen, were both elected. In 1198, Constance died, and young Konstantin became King of Sicily taking the name Federigo (Friedrich). Federigo remained in Sicily with Pope as Regent, away from the German rivalry. 2/10
Marcus Cocceius Nerva was born around 30 AD to Marcus Cocceius Nerva and Sergia Plautilla. He came from a Roman noble family with ties to the imperial family and Nerva continued in the same vain becoming Praetor Elect in 65. 1/10
In 65, Nerva is supposed to have played an important role in revealing a conspiracy to assassinate Emperor Nero. But in 68, Nero got himself killed bringing the imperial dynasty to an end. Without an heir, the Empire plunged into chaos as different factions sought power. 2/10
25 years later, the brother of the French King who was dethroned (and executed later) became King of France. The Old World Order stuck around for a bit longer in Europe, and the oldest and the most diverse dynasty of Europe, the Capets / Robertiners, ruled France till 1848. 1/11
Thread on the 8 prominent rulers and 2 notable consorts of this dynasty on whom I have written so far. The earliest among them was before Capets were called Capets and from when France was not called France. 2/11
Lucius Tarquinius was born in 6th century BC in Rome. He was the son (more likely grandson) of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, King of Rome. The time of the Roman Kingdom is semi legendary, but there were written records of Lucius Tarquinius in existence till 2,000 years ago. 1/10
Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, born as Lucumo, was a Greek based in the Etruscan city of Tarchuna, but shifted to Rome. He became prominent in Rome seizing power in 616 BC, when King Ancus Marius died leaving young sons under the care of Tarquinius. 2/10
We have had a huge controversy over raids at Kitex Garments and their subsequent plan to invest ₹3,500 crore (₹1,000 crore initially) in Telangana instead of Kerala.
But what got me interested was the spike in their stock.
While the spike may look huge in a week, their 5 year numbers are not rosy. But their market capitalization is only around ₹1,000 crore, a far cry from the ₹3,500 they are looking to invest.
So, are they looking to borrow or expecting new investors?
2/7
Their investment rhetoric is not new though. They had plans to invest ₹262 crore in 2013, but looked towards other Indian states like Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, and even Sri Lanka and China at the time. 3/7
The Expanse series has somewhat explored the early evolution of a space dwelling species, while the Hyperion Cantos has an entire species that separated from humans to explore the space. 2/2
Wondering if space race will advance if commercial mining of asteroids is opened up.