Blood exposure to graphene oxide (PEG-GO) may cause anaphylactic death, a 🧵.
GO-triggered anaphylactic reactions might arise from the long blood circulation time of GO.
Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) initiated by exposure to a specific
GO-triggered anaphylactic reactions might arise from the long blood circulation time of GO.
Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) initiated by exposure to a specific
antigen in a sensitized organism. It usually occurs within minutes to hours of exposure, and is typically associated with sudden rise of certain hepatic/cardiac indicators. 
Blood tests in the GO-treated animals:
5 out of the 20 mice (25 %) exhibited abnormal levels of indicators, which include two hepatic function indicators -- aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), and two cardiac indicators -- creatine kinase (CK) and
5 out of the 20 mice (25 %) exhibited abnormal levels of indicators, which include two hepatic function indicators -- aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), and two cardiac indicators -- creatine kinase (CK) and
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). These indicators rose by approximately 3–20 folds in these mice compared to the average levels of the control group (mice untreated with GO). Esp, the CK level exhibited a rapid rise (4-fold rise in the first hour post-exposure). These abnormal
indicators suggest that acute and severe LIVER and HEART injury occurred in these animals.
mice: abnormal indicators (25 %) was much ⬆️ than the death rate (5.8 %), ➡️ the mice may suffer but survive this abnormal condition.
monkeys: within the normal range, ➡️ the monkeys
mice: abnormal indicators (25 %) was much ⬆️ than the death rate (5.8 %), ➡️ the mice may suffer but survive this abnormal condition.
monkeys: within the normal range, ➡️ the monkeys
might have ⬇️ tolerance to the GO-induced anaphylactic reaction compared to the mice under the equivalent dose.
histology: lung parenchyma presented severe structural damage to alveolar. A large number of RBC seeped into alveolar cavities, indicating diffuse alveolar hemorrhage.
histology: lung parenchyma presented severe structural damage to alveolar. A large number of RBC seeped into alveolar cavities, indicating diffuse alveolar hemorrhage.
Observed granular black pigment seemingly GO in the pulmonary parenchyma. Additional Raman spectral scan of the granular black pigment evidenced it.
In contrast, samples of heart, liver, spleen, kidney and lymph from the dead animals exhibited no obvious changes ➡️ maybe the
In contrast, samples of heart, liver, spleen, kidney and lymph from the dead animals exhibited no obvious changes ➡️ maybe the
long circulation of GO in blood leads to its distal retention and deposition in the lung tissue, which can induce anaphylactic reactions there, resulting in deadly pulmonary congestion.
sciencedirect.com/science/articl…
sciencedirect.com/science/articl…
PEG-GO in lung pictures ⤵️
These assays are scientifically better to prove the existence of GO. Unclear pictures/graphs or D dimer level only can not prove the presence of GO.
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