COVID-19: UK vaccine update: Children 12-15

Chief Medical Officers from the UK have recommended COVID-19 vaccines for all those 12-15 ( gov.uk/government/pub… ). This would be 1 dose with a second dose determined later (spring) based on more data accrued internationally. 🧵1/4
The recent advice from the UK's Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) did not take into account any benefits to the community or society despite finding marginally better benefits from vaccinating children 12-15. 2/4
In this case the four CMOs looked at a much wider perspective and when taking into account other details including disruption to education, protection of parents and family members, they came to the conclusion that all 12-15 should be vaccinated. 3/4
Scotland has already moved on this new advice and will be implementing vaccines for those aged 12-15 as quickly as possible. Schools in Scotland have already been back in session for a while and cases have been exploding among school aged children. 4/4

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More from @jeffgilchrist

18 Sep
COVID-19: MMR and Tdap vaccines may reduce severity of COVID-19

For some time now scientists hypothesized that immune memory for other viruses could potentially reduce severity of COVID-19 as well. 🧵1/
Analysis of a large and well-characterized COVID-19 patient cohort revealed that prior MMR (measles-mumps-rubella) and Tdap (tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis) vaccination associates with reduced disease severity and death ( cell.com/med/fulltext/S… ). 2/
How is that possible? A diverse immune T cell response controls viral infections and a major goal of vaccines is to induce a strong and durable T cell memory. Reactivation of memory T cells generated against a different pathogen could enhance immunity to novel pathogens. 3/
Read 11 tweets
17 Sep
COVID-19: UK vaccine updates: Boosters for 50+

JCVI is now recommending booster shots (3rd dose) be offered to those more at risk of serious disease for the following groups no earlier than 6 months after getting the second dose ( gov.uk/government/new… ). 🧵1/
- those living in residential care homes for older adults
- all adults aged 50 years or over
- frontline health and social care workers
- all those aged 16 to 49 years with underlying health conditions that put them at higher risk of severe COVID-19, and adult carers

2/
- adult household contacts of immunosuppressed individuals

3/
Read 16 tweets
16 Sep
COVID-19: Pfizer vs Moderna dosing and combo Flu-COVID-RSV

Have you ever noticed that Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine uses 30 ug doses and Moderna is100 ug doses and wondered why (  )? 🧵1/
In real-world effectiveness studies, the Moderna vaccine seems to outperform Pfizer with higher protection.  Since the two vaccines are using the same COVID-19 spike protein design, the two major differences between the vaccines are the dose amount and the time between doses.  2/
Some scientists believe the improved performance is because Moderna's dose is more than 3x higher than Pfizer.  Studies have shown increased neutralizing antibody level production with higher doses of mRNA vaccine given to rats ( science.org/doi/10.1126/sc… ).  3/
Read 10 tweets
8 Sep
COVID-19: UK decision not to universally vaccinate children 12-15

The UK's Joint Committee on Vaccination Immunisation (JCVI) recently announced they did not support universal vaccination of 12-15 year olds at this time ( gov.uk/government/new… ). 🧵1/
How did they come to a different conclusion than all the other countries who are already offering vaccines to those 12+ despite actually admitting that the benefits from the vaccine for 12-15 are "marginally greater than the potential known harms"? 2/
As usual, you need to look at the fine print and context they were using. First, they seemed to be using ICU treatment as their baseline and noted that only 2 healthy children per million need ICU care which was too small of a benefit ( washingtontimes.com/news/2021/sep/… ). 3/
Read 34 tweets
7 Sep
COVID-19: Immune antibodies vs T cells in protection

A very interesting study looked at which parts of the immune system are most important for clearing infections from the body ( science.org/doi/10.1126/sc… ). 🧵1/
The immune system has innate and adaptive immune responses ( ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26846/ ). The adaptive immune system remembers previous encounters with specific pathogens and destroys them when exposed again but is slow to develop on a first/primary exposure to a new pathogen. 2/
Specific clones of B and T cells have to become activated and could take a week or more before the immune responses are effective (this is why you are considered fully vaccinated 14 days after you get your dose). 3/
Read 8 tweets
21 Aug
COVID-19: Understanding efficacy when majority of hospitalized are vaccinated

I keep seeing more and more people confused about the raw # of reported COVID-19 cases or hospitalizations of vaccinated people. 🧵1/
The conclusion that some people are drawing is that this must mean the vaccines don't work. Except that they do, and work very well. The problem is with understanding the math, context, and something called Simpson's paradox which I will explain below. 2/
How can the efficacy of the vaccine vs. severe disease be strong when 60% of hospitalized in Israel are vaccinated for example? Jeffrey Morris put together an excellent article explaining all of this, which I will summarize ( covid-datascience.com/post/israeli-d… ). 3/
Read 28 tweets

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