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19 Sep, 4 tweets, 2 min read
IE expansions were driven by following:
4000 BC Suvovoro Anatolians - horses
3300 BC Afanasievo Toharians - dairying
2900 BC Corded Ware Germans/Celts/Italians - Urals copper mine
2600 BC Martqopi Armenians - ???
2100 BC Sintashta Indo-Iranians - chariots
the findings that Sintashta horses replaced other horses after 2000 BC don't disprove anything about claims of importance of horses in previous 2 millennia.
Goat & cattle dairy products predate the Indo-European expansions by 2000+ years, but use of horse dairy starting in 3300 allowed proto-Toharian Afanasievo people to migrate all the way from the Don-Volga to Khakassia & Mongolia. science.org/content/articl…
Horse dairy enabled Afanasievo and other Indo-Europeans to economically exploit the steppe in a way that others couldn't. Unlike in Europe, the natives of the eastern steppe quickly learned how to use dairy & destroyed or assimilated the Indo-Europeans.

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More from @Peter_Nimitz

Nemets Profile picture
11 Sep
50% of ancestry in modern day Yugoslavs, 25% in Albanians, & 40% in Bulgarians comes from invaders from northern & eastern Europe who arrived 200-700 AD. Romanian origins complex, with 50% of their ancestry from same NE European invaders as well as Asiatics from steppe.
Roman Europe was very diverse at its height, with migrants from the more densely populated east settling in European cities. A sizable part of population of Viminacium in modern Serbia was of Middle Eastern origin, & they were wealthier than the locals.
Two Germans & an African (probably from Meroe) were found buried in Roman graves in Serbia. The African was a legionary or auxiliary.
Read 7 tweets
Nemets Profile picture
30 Aug
Inside a government office. Appears abandoned, desks have a thick layer of dust, calendars on the cubicles all from March 2020.
The Pompeii of pre-pandemic Nevada bureaucrats
Supposed to meet 15 minutes ago with some gals from a partner agency to work out a project. Not sure where they are, or if they are even here. Already double checked email, address is correct.
Read 4 tweets
Nemets Profile picture
24 Aug
EEFs in Croatia didn’t experience the WHG Resurgence of the late 5th millennium BC. They stayed almost pure EEF into the Bronze Age. nature.com/articles/s4159…
The WHG-EEF mixture (probably Globular Amphora Culture) that was brought by Indo-Europeans to Croatia had formed between 35th & 25th centuries BC.
Earliest find of Indo-European (aka steppe or Yamnaya) ancestry in Croatia is a woman who lived at some point between 29th & 26th centuries BC in Slavonia, about 35km from the confluence of the Danube and the Drava Rivers. Her grave is not described.
Read 5 tweets
Nemets Profile picture
22 Aug
Napoleon wanted an aligned Russia cooperative with his Continental System, not a broken Russia ravaged by ethnic strife & class war. Image
French takeover of Lithuania was initially celebrated by the Polish & Lithuanian locals, but his refusal to restore Kingdom of Poland quickly soured them on the French. Loyalty to Russia in Lithuania was non-existent. ImageImageImageImage
Despite brutal discipline, Napoleon’s troops were short on food & ravaged Lithuania. Tens of thousands of deserters left the army, preying on civilians & even French administrators & mailmen. ImageImageImageImage
Read 4 tweets
Nemets Profile picture
20 Aug
Sedentary hunter-fishers lived at Gobero paleolake of central Niger 7700-6200 BC. The lake dried up 6200-5200 BC and the area was abandoned. A different group settled the area 5200-2500 BC that practiced animal herding as well as fishing after the lake filled formed again.
Gobero paleolake was dry 14000-7700 BC with only occasional human visitation. 7700 BC Gobero Lake filled up & surrounding desert turned into a savanna that lasted until 6200 BC. Local culture was similar to Kiffians, and skulls were similar to Iberomaurusians & Capsians.
The original inhabitants of Gobero paleolake were almost 2 m tall. Endurance hunting requires long legs.
Read 7 tweets
Nemets Profile picture
9 Aug
Syphilis originated as a mutated strain of yaws on the Colorado Plateau around the time of Jesus. It spread across Americas & Caribbean in next 1500 years before Columbus’ crew brought it to Europe.
A lot of prehistoric Amerindian contacts could be figured out by coming up with a good historical syphilis phylogeny.
As of 2016 only 10 syphilis genomes had been published: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27498082/
Read 5 tweets

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