1/ A modified model for Antibody Dependent Enhancement for SARS-COV-2. Read this paper.
“there is little risk to vaccinated individuals as long as a sufficient titer of anti-RBD antibodies is generated and maintained.”
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
“there is little risk to vaccinated individuals as long as a sufficient titer of anti-RBD antibodies is generated and maintained.”
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
2/ “once immunity starts to wane, a high ratio of non-neutralizing to neut. antibodies alongside M1 polarization, … and may suggest that neutralizing antibody titers in vacc. individuals should be monitored regularly to establish timelines for administration of booster doses.”
3/ .. “the impact of M1 observed here and in the literature suggests that recalibration of COVID-19 vaccines to produce a more balanced Th1/Th2 response may alleviate side effects,”
4/ “The probable involvement of M1 polarized macrophages in damaging surrounding tissues when non-neutralizing antibodies are present during infection with SARS-CoV-2 is problematic for many of the vaccines being developed for COVID-19,”
5/ “as most currently rely on production of antibodies using variations in delivery of the spike protein alongside an adjuvant to elicit production of an Th1 response.”
“6/ this strategy may need to be reconsidered in favor of promoting a more balanced immune response.”
In a nutshell, this paper demonstrates that “non-neutralizing” antibodies activate macrophages to express ACE2, while enabling the virus to infect these cells (a non-replicating infection). The cells die while releasing 15 cytokines which cause epithelial damage.
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