If you say someone has a laconic wit, you're saying they sound like someone from the city-state of Sparta ('Laconia' referred to the whole region).
The Spartans were famously efficient with their words as opposed to their 'Attic' cousins in Athens.
Why the reputation? (thread)
Sparta was famous for Stoicism & military efficiency, especially in contrast to Athens.
So when Phillip II of Macedon invaded Southern Greece, he sent a message to Sparta asking if he should come to their region as friend or foe.
"Neither" was the Laconic reply.
In response to that one word reply:
"If I invade Laconia, I shall turn you out."
Sparta's ephors (leaders) replied with the single word:
"If."
The story doesn't end well for Sparta, but it's a great illustration of how they got their reputation for minimalist wit.
Some other examples:
Lycurgus, who supposedly established Spartan society, when democracy was proposed in Sparta:
"Begin with your own family."
Polycratidas, a Spartan diplomat sent to meet with Persian generals to broker a peace, when asked whether he came in a public or private capacity.
"If we succed, public; if not, private."
One of the Seven Sages of Greece, Myson of Chenae, was born in Laconia, and produced the useful Stoic insight in laconic form:
"We should not investigate facts by the light of arguments, but arguments by the light of facts."
Another great Laconic philosopher, Chilon of Sparta, when asked in what manner the educated differed from the uneducated, replied: "In good hopes."
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You may know:
~8% of human genome is made up of HERVs (human endogenous retroviruses).
They've thrown their lot in with us: we preserve them in our genome & they protect us from other viruses.
Viruses on 'Team Human'.
Pet Viruses.
HERV sequences & products shape & are shaped by our immune systems.
Our cells sometimes recognize them as internal viral invaders & express gene products related to viral immunity, the interferon pathways. This can lead to autoimmunity OR control of excessive immune activity.
A particular one, HERV-K(HML10) landed in the Major Histocompatibility Region (MHR) and is responsible for some human variation in tissue donation compatibility.
Let's talk about why mammalian red blood cells (erythrocytes) don't have nuclei.
~85% of all your cells are erythrocytes, 20-30 trillion of them in an adult.
You produce >2 million every second & they represent half of all your blood volume. So why don't they have any DNA?
We can talk about the ways that erythrocytes are optimized for transporting hemoglobin(Hb)-bound oxygen throughout our tissues:
No nuclei means no metabolism or cell machinery, so an RBC becomes just a small, flexible bag of Hb, which means they can travel down even the tiniest of blood vessels, and deliver oxygen payloads into the interstitial spaces.
Roman god 'Liber', god of the vine & male fertility, was later merged with Bacchus. He was son of Ceres, brother/consort to Libera.
Liber pater ('Free Father') was patron god of plebians, patron of male virility & boys becoming men.
A Liberalia was a festival of the cult of Liber Pater & it was celebrated when boys took manly toga virilis w phallic symbols & "a giant penis on a trolley".
Liberalia celebrated drinking, free speech & overthrow of political structures, making cult dangerous to establishment.
The point is that Liber Pater was in favor of the poor & powerless getting drunk & overthrowing leaders. He was a god of anarchy & plebian values.
In late Republic, Cicero was careful to say that "Liber was not identical to Bacchus": rebellion & equality, not chaos.
Let's talk about Barbara Jordan, Texas lawyer, politician & civil rights leader.
Born Feb 21st, 1936 in Houston's 5th Ward, daughter of a Baptist minister.
Barred from attending Univ of TX by segregation, she graduated Texas Southern University magna cum laude.
During her time at TSU (historically black university in Houston), majoring in political science & history, she led their debate team to national championship.
She graduated Boston University School of Law in 1959 with JD, taught Political Science at Tuskegee Institute in AL.
After 2 unsuccessful bids for state rep, she won a seat in Texas Senate in 1966, the 1st Black Senator since 1883, and the 1st Black woman.
Re-elected, she served until 1972, was the 1st Black Senate pro tempore, and on June 10, 1972 sworn as Governor of Texas for a single day.
If only there were some way to know what the Founding Fathers thought of vaccines and vaccine mandates?
Oh, right, they wrote extensively on the subject, and by their actions showed their commitment to public health.
(thread)
You may know the history of Washington's variolation of troops at Valley Forge, making them immune to the smallpox scourge that led to tragedy at the Battle of Quebec. The process was not without risk, but according to figures, inoculation lowered case fatality from 45% to 2%.
During the war, he also mandated quarantine for civilians and soldiers under his direction, enforced by troops and general order.