This thread will be the first in my attempt to compile a "soundtrack" to the middle ages. I'll start with posting -in my opinion- 10 most iconic and representative Christian hymns/Gregorian chants from the middle ages. If you think I missed any crucial ones add them in comments!
1) Media vita in morte sumus
In the midst of life we are in death. This ancient chant supposedly originated as a battle chant written by a monk of the Abbey of St. Gallen in 912. It was a very powerful way of reminding Christian warriors of eternal life.
2) Laudes Regiae
This powerful chant was used during coronation of Holy Roman Emperors, first used when Carolus Magnus was crowned in 800, invoking the names of the saints in full splendor and magnificence.
3) Salve Regina
Doesn't need much introduction, one of the most iconic Catholic chants. Attributed to the 11th century monk Hermann of Reichenau, set down in its current form at the Abbey of Cluny in the 12th century.
4) Crux fidelis
Ancient 6th century Christian hymn.
"Faithful cross, above all other,
One and only noble tree:
None in foliage, none in blossom,
None in fruit thy peer may be.
Sweetest wood and sweetest iron,
Sweetest weight is hung on thee!"
5) Te Deum laudamus
This old 4th century Christian hymn was sung many times after battles during the finest triumphs of Christian armies during entire middle ages and beyond. One of the most iconic chants European Christendom.
6) Vexilla Regis
Another famous old hymn from early middle ages. First sung in 569 in procession when a relic of the True Cross was sent by Byzantine Emperor to Frankish queen St. Radegunda, and was carried from Tours to Saint-Croix at Poitiers.
7) Gemma Caelestis
Found in the works of Doctor of the Church Benedictine monk St. Peter Damian (1007-1072), this chant is based on the events of Benedict's life as recorded by Saint Gregory the Great in his Dialogues. It praises the monastic life!
8) Stabat Mater dolorosa
Beautiful 13th-century Christian hymn to Mary, attributed Franciscan friar Jacopone da Todi.
9) Adoro te devote
Written by Thomas Aquinas in 1264 as an Eucharistic hymn. A really touching and inspiring piece.
10) Dies irae
Another famous medieval chant that inspired so many classical musicians of the later eras. Most commonly attributed to 13th century Italian friar Thomas of Celano, but it is possible that it is much older.
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On this day 7 October the monumental battle of Lepanto happened in 1571. "The greatest event witnessed by ages past, present and to come," as the famous Spanish writer Cervantes who participated in the battle put it, saw the united Christian fleet triumph over the Ottoman empire!
At the time, the Ottoman empire had the superiority on the sea. The ability of the wealthy centralized empire to assemble powerful fleets was uncontested. The Ottomans scored many important victories and raided the Christian coasts all over the Mediterranean.
The Republic of Venice was the most affected as its dominions in the eastern Mediterranean were under attack, but the mighty Spanish empire also felt threatened as the Ottomans were raiding and expanding their power in the western Mediterranean as well.
The Empire of Charles V fought many wars, but there was one campaign in which the Emperor himself showed immense courage and valor, the 1535 conquest of Tunis! Viewed by many as the last crusade, this triumphant campaign brought him much glory and prestige all over Europe!
Charles V of the illustrious Habsburg dynasty ruled over a vast Empire stretching from Hungary and Bohemia to the shores of the New World and further to the Andes. He carried the ambition of the Holy Roman Empire started by Carolus magnus imperator into the renaissance era.
European Christendom was far from united, however. Engaged in the brutal Italian wars that had lasted for decades and struggling with the rise of Protestantism, the Imperial might of Charles V was challenged by many, most notably the powerful Kingdom of France ruled by Francis I.
Great warriors always learn a lot from defeats. The Swiss learned an important lesson in the battle of Arbedo in 1422 which they lost against the mighty duchy of Milan. Now a largely forgotten battle, it was crucial to Swiss developing and refining their warfare tactics.
As the might of the Old Swiss Confederacy grew, the Swiss conducted campaigns over the Alps and clashed with the interests of the powerful Duchy of Milan. This led to many engagements, including the battle of Arbedo near Bellinzona in 1422.
At the time the Swiss were already hardened and well respected as an infantry force, having successfully fought off the Habsburg knights and established their de facto independence. However they were not yet the invincible pikemen force they would be at the end of the century.
I think one of the reasons why Swiss were so impressive and looked invincible at the height of their power in 15th and early 16th century is because their fighting style looked very beatable, in theory. This made their opponents do the same mistake again and again... (thread)
The Swiss relied on their pikemen supported by other pole weapons and some crossbowmen and gunners. They were a pretty one-dimensional army in that regard. A "one trick pony"? Yes, but the one who does that trick insanely good and in fact much better than the opponent expects!
Starting with the mighty Burgundian army, the Swiss foes made the mistake of thinking they could finesse their way to beat the Swiss by using a tactical approach that looked clever on paper, but always seemed to fail horribly when they actually faced the Swiss on the battlefield.
One of the most interesting but now forgotten powerful and charismatic men from the Italian Wars was the Swiss cardinal Matthäus Schiner. A close ally to the Pope and fiercely anti-French, this war-loving cardinal inspired and rallied his fellow Swiss countrymen to fight!
The Swiss had already successfully defended their homeland and were famed as the best mercenaries in Europe, but Matthäus Schiner had big imperial ambitious for them. He wanted the feared and admired Swiss to become a premier warrior race in service of the Church of the Pope!
This ambitious bishop of Sion was made Bishop of Novara and cardinal in 1511, and in 1512 he was a Papal legate. Shiner was crucial in mobilizing the Swiss to drive the French out of Milan, resulting in one of their most humiliating defeats in history of France at Novara in 1513.
Do you know the story of Jeanne de Clisson, the Lioness of Britanny? When her husband Olivier de Clisson IV, a wealthy Breton nobleman, was executed by French king for treason in 1343, she sold all his estates, raised an army, and started attacking French forces in Brittany!
Her husband Olivier de Clisson IV had fought on the French side during the War of the Breton Succession which started in 1341. However during 1342 Siege of Vannes, the French king suspected Olivier of treason. He lured him to Paris on pretense of tournament and had him executed!
Jeanne the Clisson swore vengeance and raised an army after selling her estates. With the support of the English king she even built her own fleet which was painted black with red sails and attacked French ships in the English channel. Her flagship was named My Revenge!