There are many who played a critical part in the Pakistan nuclear program, Dr A.Q. Khan's role was one of them.
As soon as Bhutto came to power, Bhutto held discussions with Libya and other states such as Saudi Arabia to line up financing for a nuclear weapons program.
Bhutto’s initiative served as a magnet for Pakistani scientists abroad, many of whom returned to their homeland to contribute whatever they could to the national nuclear development program.
By the mid-70s, the PAEC team had acquired a substantial amount of knowledge..
and technology for enrichment of uranium and even set up experimental centrifuge cascades based on an Italian design at a site in Chaklala. But the real impetus for the pursuit of the enrichment route to nuclear weapons came with the arrival of Dr. A.Q. Khan.
After India's Pokharan-I nuclear device test in May 1974, the pace of the Pak nuclear program was increased further as Pakistan now had some catching up to do.
The Pak Army was drawn into the program when Bhutto asked the army chief, Gen Ziaul Haq to help the PAEC..
..set up the Kahuta Enrichment Plant in 1976.
Dr Khan had already arrived, carrying with him the plans for the Urenco enrichment centrifuges from the Dutch firm, Fysscish Dynamisch Onderzoek (FDO).
The army was brought in to help complete the construction and get the project going at high speed. Brigadier Zahid Ali Akbar was designated by Ziaul Haq to head a special works organization to construct the facility.
After the initial survey, Brig Akbar proposed to Bhutto to give greater powers and autonomy to Dr. Khan and his operation:
"We had never undertaken a project of such colossal importance. It was crucial that it be allowed to continue without any administrative..
..or political bickering. For that it had to be autonomous,"
If that could not be done Akbar asked to be relieved of his responsibility.69 Bhutto agreed to his proposal. The Kahuta operation became autonomous, and Dr Khan was given free rein.
This was a blessing, in that it allowed Pakistan to speed up its acquisition of nuclear weapons technology.
May Allah forgive Dr. AQ Khan and bestow his endless blessings for his invaluable services and selfless work for Pakistan and its defense. You will remain our hero.
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In the 1971 war, there were two active war fronts -- Eastern and Western. 🧵
Much is said and written about the Eastern Front. However, despite the bulk of armed forces being concentrated in the West Pak, Generals' performance at the Western Front was abysmal, to say the least.
Generals planned that if India attacked East Pak, they would open a Western front to make quick gains and force India to halt its ops on the Eastern front.
India attacked East Pak from multiple directions on 21st Nov, yet Gen Yahya did not order the opening of the Western front..
..Infact on 23rd Nov, CGS (Gen Gul) and PAF chief dragged Yahya to the GHQ op room to explain the conditions on the ground and tried to seek a decision to open the front in the west.
General Yahya, even then delayed and promised to make a decision by 27th Nov.
I never claimed these books are anti-Army or anti-Generals, in fact, they are very balanced books. Let's see if the right lessons are learned from these books by those who read them due to "mandatory subscription". A 🧵
In Nov 2011, Twenty-four soldiers were martyred by NATO in Salala checkpost attack.
Neither it was called a 9/11 attack nor did the NATO-US apologize.
In 1992 Commander FCNA - Maj Gen Zaheer Abbasi undertook an unauthorized and costly foray into Indian-held territory in which Pak Army lost ~ 40 men (incl a Brigadier).
Instead of doing a court-martial, he was saved by then DG-ISI Gen Javed. It wasn't called our 9/11.
SSG-trained Commando and (former) COAS Mush went ahead with an ill-planned Kargil op.
More than 400 brave Pak soldiers gave their lives on the hills of Kargil which the Army Chief & his Generals disowned for years.
Result: Mush is celebrated & protected by his fellow Generals.
No, it was the culmination of a year-long frustration & anger built up due to the closure of political, legal, and constitutional avenues. The former PM's violent abduction from IHC by Generals was a triggering point that added fuel to the fire.
Will Generals be able to conquer their countrymen 'again' and impose their own will as they've done since 1953?
Definitely yes, they have a monopoly on violence, have all the resources & tools at their disposal to manipulate, and now they have the full support of PDM..
On this day (26th March) in 1971, General Yahya ordered Operation Searchlight in East Pakistan.
General Yahya said:
"The killing of a few thousand would not be too high a price for keeping the country together. Show them the teeth and they will be quiet."
In Feb-1971, General Yakub, commander of the east command, opposed any military action in East Pak and predicted that Army will not be able to defend East Pak in the absence of a political solution.
His prediction proved to be right - word by word.
As General Yakub predicted, as soon Operation Searchlight commenced, East Bengal Regiments and East Pakistan Rifles rebelled.
To counter Fatima Jinnah's support & popularity. Gen Ayub used religious clerics, Pirs and Sufis to issue a fatwa against a woman becoming head of state.
Maulana Abdul Aziz's (Laal Masjid Khatib) father was awarded by Ayub for giving a fatwa against Fatima Jinnah's candidature.
General Ayub in his speeches urged the public "not to put their trust in a woman candidate". He called her old and senile not fit to lead Pakistan as she would bring chaos, disorder, and instability.
Ayub's govt even accused Fatima Jinnah of being on the payroll of the US.
Fatima Jinnah ignored personal attacks but one time she took exception and retorted:
"I possess shoulders which are stronger than those of a Field Marshal and my brain is unclogged and my vision unblurred by the intoxication of power."