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18 Oct, 6 tweets, 1 min read
Some of the titles (civil & military) used during the imperial age of the Guptas (India's golden age)

1) Emperor - Paramadaivata Paramabhattaraka Maharajadhiraja.

2) High Minister - Mantri

3) Commander-in-chief - Mahabalaadhikrita

4) Military General - Mahadandanayaka
5) Chief of the Palace guards - Mahapratihara

6) Chief officer of Calvary - Maha-ashvapati

7) Minister of peace & war - Saandhivigrahika

8) Prince/viceroy - Maharajaputra Devabhattaraka
9) Municipal board - Adhisthanadhikarana

10) District office - Vishayadhikarana

11) Guild president - Nagarashreshthi

12) Chief merchant - Saarthavaaha

13) Chief artisan - Prathamakulika

14) Chief scribe - Prathamakaayastha
15) Police officer - Chauroddharanika/Dandapaasika

16) Executive officer - Kumaramatya/Ayuktaka

17) Commander of military outpost - Draangika

18) Farm tax collector - Dhruvaadhikaranika

19) Officer in charge of charity/gift collection - Anutpannadaanasamudgraahaka
Some more titles used during post Gupta (Harsha, Bhaskaravarman & Pulakeshin's time)

20) Chief cavalry officer - Brihadashvavara

21) Officer in charge of criminal justice - Kattuka

22) Village notary - Gramakshapattalika

23) Head of accounts office - Mahaakshapatalika
23) Officer charged with carrying out King's orders - Aajnaasatam-praapayita

24) Officer for fixing land boundaries - Seemapradata

25) Judicial officer - Nyaayakaranika

26) Superintendent of stores - Bhandagaaraadhikrita

27) Tax collector - Utkhettayitaa

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More from @_ugra_

Ugra Profile picture
18 Oct
Read this thread am going to write now to know why Eastern Bengal (Bangladaesh as its known today) succumbed to turushka, while the Western part remained largely Hindu.

The source of this thread is Jadunath Sarkar's book on History of Bengal Volume 2. Here it goes (1)
"In these regions the people up to the foot holds of the hills were Mongoloid by race, spirit-worshippers by religion, and speakers of many local dialects which had no written literature and were foreign to the literary Bengali of Gaud, Varendri and Raarh.. (2)
.. By the inexorable force of geography, the people of
west Bengal, especially in the Gangetic valley were more largely
and more deeply subject to the Aryan or Aryo-Dravidian influence
that filtrated through Anga (Bhagalpur) than the natives of East
Bengal... (3)
Read 11 tweets
Ugra Profile picture
18 Oct
Jadunath Sarkar on the "Adina mosque" in Malda

"This structure, equalling in size the Great Mosque of Damascus, was built by the spoliation of Hindu and Buddhist shrines. According to R. K. Chakravartty, a Buddhist stupa was
dismantled to secure the necessary materials.. (1)
..for its building, but the remains of Hindu images as well are visible today in every part of this mosque. A block with the carved head of a lion which is said to have formed part of a Hindu throne, is found attached to the steps leading to the pulpit.. (2)
.. many mutilated figures of Hindu deities are found in the door-sills and prayer-niches all over the mosque. The 400 pillars with their graceful fluted shafts and
expanding lotus-capitals which produce such an imposing effect, were similarly transplanted from Hindu shrines.. (3)
Read 4 tweets
Ugra Profile picture
18 Oct
Jadunath Sarkar in his book on History of Bengal Volume II writes on how Bengalis, particularly those in Eastern Bengal (now Bangladaesh) were converted to turushka.

"By destroying temples and monasteries the Muslim
warriors of earlier times had only appropriated their...(1)
..gold & silver; but the sword could not silence history, nor carry off their immortal spiritual treasure wherein lay rooted Hindu idolatry & Hindu nationalism. The 'saints' of Islam completed the process of conquest, moral and spiritual, by establishing dargahs & khanqahs.. (2)
..deliberately on the sites of these ruined places of Hindu and Buddhist
worship. This served a double purpose of preventing the revival of
these places of heathen sanctity, and later on, of installing themselves as the guardian deities with tales of pious fraud..(3)
Read 7 tweets
Ugra Profile picture
6 Oct
This desert 🐀 mahmud literally scurried away back to his 💩hole ghazni through deserts of Kutch fearing retribution at the hands of Paramara Bhoja. His army of ghazi 🐀🐀 were mangled to death by the Jats of Sindh while escaping. All this is recorded by his own co-reliogionists
Read more here. Somanatha was immediately restored to an even more grander state by both Bhojadeva & Bhima, while Mandalika, a commander from Somanatha town pursued the ghazi 🐀 through the deserts & killed many of them as retribution.

Fact : 🐀 mahmud shat his pyjamas & ran fearing Bhoja. And that was the last time he set foot on India.

Read 6 tweets
Ugra Profile picture
15 May
Evangelical vultures & their zeal to convert Hindus has remained the same for centuries. Here is a vulture Friar John of italy who was sent to India & China to convert natives in the 1290's. He spent around 13 months in India & boasts he baptized around 100 people here.
Early missions to India were a complete & utter failure. Each of these missionaries in their travel account lament how difficult it was to convert Hindus. Chief reason being how attached the Hindu was to his own customs & traditions.

Chiefly murthi puja & reverence for Gaumata.
At the very core of contemporary Hindu religion is Murthi puja & reverence for Gaumata.

You wanna finish off Hinduism as we know it? Strike at these two. Which is exactly what is happening. Never allow to be shamed. Especially on anything related to Gaumata.
Read 4 tweets
Ugra Profile picture
15 May
Friar jordanus, a european x'tian missionary who was sent to India(1323CE) to perform mass conversions made the following observations of Indians

1) Never kill Cows

2) Will rather kill criminals who kill the Cow

3) Darker the skin of people, more beautiful they were considered
Friar odoric, another x'tian missionary who was in Kollam, Kerala around the same time (1321CE) makes the following observation on its people.

After 6 years Oxens would be retired from hard labor & worshipped. Such compassion...

Contrast with today's Kerala... What a fall..
Wang ta yuan, a Chinese traveler who was in India between the years 1330—1349 CE had the following to say on the people of Calicut, Kerala.

1) Trade was conducted in the most honest manner.

2) Cattle thieves were handed capital punishment.
Read 5 tweets

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