The problem for Hegel is not that liberalism is empty of a conception of the good, but that its conception of the good does not take sufficient account of the “struggle for recognition.” Critics (and defenders) of liberalism are strongest when they take aim at utilitarianism.
Utilitarianism isn’t empty; it’s thick. The problem is that it defines the good in terms of “hedons”—but pleasure and fulfillment are more complex than registering dopamine hits.
We still haven’t cracked the Nietzchean nut that sometimes terrible experiences *can be sources of great learning, joy, and growth.
We underestimate Nietzsche’s traditional religiosity in saying that suffering can be a teacher.
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Protagoras says, “Man is the measure of all things.”
Modern self help days, “You manage what you measure.”
Ergo: Man is the manager of all things (that can be measured).
The history of time is the history of time management and time measurement— from the sundial to the lunar and solar calendars to the clock tower to Greenwich Mean Time to the alarm app on your phone.
All of these thinkers are grappling with the limits of reason; what does it mean to care about mystery, about unverifiable, non-empirical phenomena in a world governed by scientific method. 2
Some are religious, some are secular. Some are more on the side of Jerusalem, others more on the side of Athens. But all realize that "authority" is not what it used to be. 2
The time is nigh for a @threadapalooza on Carl Schmitt (1888-1985), Nazi apologist, romantic, and one of the most brilliant minds of the 20th century. Schmitt's critique of liberalism remains trenchant and influential on both the right and the left to this day.
Ironically, Schmitt believed the most fundamental political question is who is your friend and who is your enemy; and yet Schmitt himself has become a "friend" at the level of theory to many who do not share his politics. 2
All who follow Schmitt agree with him that liberalism is bad because it deliberately lowers the temperature in the room and attempts to outsource fundamental disagreements to processes to anonymous, administrative processes. 3
IMO, Fukuyama is one of the greatest living thinkers of our time. He understood that profit maximizing alone would never satisfy us and that identity politics is inevitable—long before it was cool to talk about “identity”
The End of History makes clear in non technical terminology why Hegel and not Locke is the only route to securing liberal democracy. Nobody said it was easy.
His agonistic view of politics as being about “recognition” is spot on, and is embraced on both right and left.
"Noah must leave the ark in much the same way that George Clooney’s character must stop flying in the film Up in the Air. The sea is pure optionality, a haven from the frustrations of actuality. But nothing happens at sea, and nothing endures in the air."
Noah from his ark, and George Clooney from his airplane, look down at us suckers, us “normies,” in our sclerotic smallness. But the sad joke is on them as they take themselves out of the human condition, thinking that they have made a life by becoming drop-outs.
In addressing the problem of the Holocaust, Hans Jonas imagines not a God who is responsible for it, but a God who is witness to it, a God who "goes into exile with God's people."
This said, I think one conflict between Judaism and Christianity has to do with the role each assigns to philosophy. The Torah is fundamentally narrative. Philosophy is fundamentally about abstract concepts.