Spotted on StarkNet's new webpage. Volition has to be the single most underrated innovation in crypto. "L1 vs L1" debates are deemed irrelevant & pointless, when a single composable platform can give you the best of all worlds on a per-user, per-app or per-transaction level.
Imagine a volition which settles proofs on the most robust settlement layer, and DA across multiple solutions. So, let's say, for example, StarkNet verifies on Ethereum, but has Ethereum, Solana, Polkadot and others as DA options. You can choose your solution as you please.
Here's the magical bit - whichever DA option you select, it'll be 100x cheaper and more secure than using those directly! It's like having Ethereum, Solana, Polkadot parachains all on a single composable smart contract platform - but better than using any of them individually!
Of course, those are just illustrative examples - the real fun begins as we have purpose-built DA layers for volitions to leverage. I'm excited for the possibility of "permissionless DACs" built around adamantium where DA for volitions approach 1-of-N type security models.
The first to feature volition functionality will be Sorare and Immutable X this year, while I expect zkSync 2.0 & StarkNet early next year. Lots of work to be done, lots of questions to be answered, but we're on the path. Learn more about volitions here: polynya.medium.com/volitions-best…
Finally, as an example, inspired by @ukolodny: Let's say you're a trader. Low value day trades on the cheapest DA option for $0.001 tx fee. Settle at the end of the day on a medium security option for $0.01 tx fee. Secure your longer term positions on Ethereum for $0.1 tx fee.

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More from @epolynya

5 Nov
The magic of validity rollups: the more activity there is, cheaper it gets. Some quick estimates:

~12,000 TPS dYdX-type transactions on Ethereum possible today.
~250,000 TPS with V1 data shards (~2023).
4 million TPS with optimized data shards.
~100 million TPS by ~2030.
Yes - that's dYdX-type complex derivative trade transactions on validity rollups settling on Ethereum alone. These are v. conservative worst-case estimates not considering inevitable improvements in tech, further breakthroughs, data compression optimizations, non-Ethereum DA etc.
Circling back to dYdX - proof verification is still ~80% of the cost, so there's enormous headroom for growth and costs will plummet as activity rises. Eventually, each batch can be a million transactions & verif. cost will be negligible. We're at the very peak of the iceberg.
Read 5 tweets
3 Nov
A common fallacy by non-sharded monolithic chain fans is "will get more decentralized & secure over time". But this is nonsense - they will either have to give up "TPS", or decentralized & secure chains will catch up to them. Moore's/Nielsen's Laws apply to the entire world.
Rollups & data shards benefit even more over time. E.g. Rollups will benefit from CPU/GPU & SSD/RAM advances, data shards will benefit from bandwidth improvements, and both will compound on top of each other. Not to mention the dramatic gains with GPU/FPGA provers.
Oh, and then there's the small matter that rollups didn't trade off decentralization & security to begin with. But I don't discuss that because I don't want to deal with the standard cop-out "but people don't care...". So, my approach is simply rollups + data shards = max "TPS".
Read 4 tweets
1 Nov
While most rollup teams are targeting decentralized sequencers, there's a real use case to centralizing sequencing for maximum efficiency. (Nuances aside w/ provers etc.) Sequencers are powerless: they can only reorder transactions or withhold them. Stealing not possible.
But there's no incentive - if the rollup operator misbehaves they are just pushing people to competing solutions. That's why in the 18 months we have had rollups, there's not been a single case of misbehaviour AFAIK - even with billions at stake now. Be wary of new forks, though.
All competitive rollups will have an escape mechanism to the settlement layer, so you can't actually censor users from quitting your product and using a competitor. Just make it harder. So, there's no real incentive for an established rollup operator to misbehave.
Read 5 tweets
23 Oct
Rollups are not tied to Ethereum. Rollup teams can and will deploy on robust security and/or DA layers. E.g. If Bitcoin were to add opcodes to verify STARKs, I bet we see StarkNet Bitcoin. Or if someone invents a revolutionary consensus mechanism that obsoletes PoS.
(1/4)
Like DeFi protocols, they may also deploy on more centralized and insecure security layers to preempt forks. I'd bet they would be incentivized to do so. E.g. Instead of $X00M on ephemeral liquidity mining, more pragmatic would be to pay StarkNet to deploy on Avalanche.
(2/4)
Of course, only Ethereum has an ambitious roadmap for rollups with global scale DA, and I'm not aware of any other project even attempting to build a security layer with robust economics and network effects. Could change in 5-10 yrs, of course. Niches can form elsewhere.
(3/4)
Read 4 tweets
22 Oct
These numbers are measured, $0.06 tx fees is pretty much where I'd place a well optimized optimistic rollup. Just surprised they're already there given Arbitrum/Optimism are quite some ways away. Much easier with payment rollups and custom wallets, of course.
Looking at the big picture: $0.06 is with the highly constrained DA on Ethereum currently. Once modularized with data sharding, the floodgates will open. I suspect calldata will become negligible, and L1 verification and L2 fees will be the dominant costs. Previewed w/ validiums.
So, the cheapest rollups in the future would be:

a) With the highest activity, thus L1 verification cost for each transaction is amortized tending towards negligible
b) The most efficient rollups with the lowest L2 fees (sequencer & proving costs)

(1/2)
Read 4 tweets
18 Oct
@guiltygyoza is building a universe on StarkNet. Now, monolithic chain (L1) apologists or rollup deniers may shout - this is a pointless, frivolous waste of time. The point is, if you can simulate reality - the universe - on StarkNet, you can build *everything*. (1/6)
For the longest time, I had thought it would be impossible to build a decentralized reality simulation - ala Existenz/RP1. But zkRs are that magical invention that can realize this. Eventually, you can build entire game engines and reality simulators within zkR clusters. (2/6)
All you need to decentralize anything is to generate succinct ZKPs and compressed outputs, and have them verified on a security layer like Ethereum. The real heavy lifting - simulating the universe - can be done on a zkR. Won't be long before we have Vulkan API on a zkR. (3/6)
Read 7 tweets

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