Thread by @MSS3RosaFerreum

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi You claim expertise beyond the teaching power of your so-far alleged domestic violence survival experience.

Statistics allow one to see patterns that may be representative of the whole (presuming a certain widely accepted degree of significance is achieved) that anecdotes don’t.

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi Notes @TheJusticeDept: "[w]ife defendants had a lower conviction rate than husband defendants…. Of the 222 wife defendants, 70% were convicted of killing their mate. By contrast, of the 318 husband defendants, 87% were convicted of spouse murder" (bjs.gov/content/pub/pd…, p. 2).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept "An estimated 156 wives and 275 husbands were convicted of killing their spouse. Convicted wives were less likely than convicted husbands to be sentenced to prison, and convicted wives received shorter prison sentences than their male counterparts" (bjs.gov/content/pub/pd…, p 2).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept Notes @TheJusticeDept: "[o]f the 100 wife defendants tried by either a judge or jury, 31% were acquitted. But of the 138 husband defendants tried, 6% were acquitted" (bjs.gov/content/pub/pd…, p. 2).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept Notes @TheJusticeDept: "[o]f the 59 wife defendants tried by a jury, 27% were acquitted. But of the estimated 91 husband defendants tried by a jury, none was acquitted." (bjs.gov/content/pub/pd…, p. 2).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept Consider "Intimate terrorism by women towards men: does it exist?" by Denise A. Hines and Emily M. Douglas published in July 2010 in Volume 2, Issue 3, of the _Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research_ (available at www2.clarku.edu/faculty/dhines…).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept "Research showing that women commit high rates of intimate partner violence … against men has been controversial because [intimate partner violence] is typically framed as caused by the patriarchal construction of society and men’s domination over women" (Supra, p. 36).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept "The results of this study indicate that the adherence to the theory that patriarchy is the foundation of [intimate terrorism] in Western, developed nations deserves reconsideration."

2 Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 54 (2010).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept The "study shows the existence of male victims of female-perpetrated [intimate terrorism]. These men sustained very high rates and frequencies of psychological, sexual, and physical [intimate partner violence], injuries, and controlling behaviours" (Supra, p. 54).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept Note "Differences in Frequency of Violence and Reported Injury Between Relationships With Reciprocal and Nonreciprocal Intimate Partner Violence" by Daniel J. Whitaker, Ph.D.; Tadesse Haileyesus, M.S.; Monica Swahn, Ph.D.; and Linda S. Saltzman, Ph.D. (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept "Differences in Frequency of Violence and Reported Injury Between Relationships With Reciprocal and Nonreciprocal Intimate Partner Violence" was published in May 2007 in Volume 97, Issue 5, of the _American Journal of Public Health_ (available at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept This study "sought to examine the prevalence of reciprocal (i.e., perpetrated by both partners) and nonreciprocal intimate partner violence and to determine whether reciprocity is related to violence frequency and injury."

97 Am. J. Public Health 941 (2007).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept This study found "that among relationships with nonreciprocal violence, women were the perpetrators in a majority of cases, regardless of participant gender… [and] …both men and women reported a larger proportion of nonreciprocal violence perpetrated by women…" (Supra, 944).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept This study also found "relationships with reciprocal violence resulted in more frequent violence (by women only) and a greater likelihood of injury caused by both male and female perpetrators."

97 Am. J. Public Health 945 (2007).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept Consider "Rates of Intimate Partner Violence in the United States" by John Schafer, Ph.D.; Raul Caetano, M.D., Ph.D.; and Catherine L. Clark, Ph.D., published in November 1998 in Volume 88, Issue 11, of the _American Journal of Public Health_ (link: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept The study found "5.21% [as the lower bound] and 13.61% [as the upper bound] for male-to-female partner violence, 6.22% and 18.2 1% for female-to-male partner violence, and 7.84% and 21.48% for any partner-to-partner violence."

88 Am. J. Public Health 1703–1704 (2007).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept "Lower-bound estimates were calculated by counting only those violent behaviors that both partners reported or agreed on. Upper-bound estimates were formed by counting violent occurrences that either partner reported, whether corroborated or not" (supra, pp. 1703–1704).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept This 1998 study was authored before it became clear that women were as violent as women, in fact, are (which took further research—such as above—to demonstrate) and the actual raw data supports, in general, greater amounts of domestic violence perpetrated by women against men.

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept One might legitimately ask if women are so violent why are most of the prisoners male?

I am so glad you asked.

Academic studies indicate that women get more lenient treatment by the criminal court system in both cases (as shown by Profesor Sonja B. Starr and others).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept Consider Sonja B. Starr's "Estimating Gender Disparities in Federal Criminal Cases," University of Michigan Law and Economics Research Paper, No. 12-018 (August 29, 2012) (available at papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cf…) showing that women get shorter sentences (if prosecuted at all).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept "This study finds dramatic unexplained gender gaps in federal criminal cases. Conditional on arrest offense, criminal history, and other pre-charge observables, men receive 63% longer sentences on average than women do." Research Paper 12-018, p. 17.

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept "Prosecutors and/or judges seem to use their discretion to accommodate family circumstances in sub rosa ways—but not for male defendants." Research Paper 12-018, pp. 14–15.

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept "However, if family hardship is a legitimate consideration, one might expect it to play at least some role in men’s cases as well [but it does not in the sense of reducing sentences as it does for women]." Research Paper 12-018, p. 15.

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept "Numerous studies have suggested that paternal incarceration harms children even when the father was already a noncustodial parent…." Research Paper 12-018, p. 15.

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept Nevertheless, "[w]omen are … significantly likelier to avoid charges and convictions, and twice as likely to avoid incarceration if convicted. " Research Paper 12-018, p. 17.

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept "Policymakers might simply be untroubled by [judicial] leniency toward women." Research Paper 12-018, p. 17.

Given the leniency at every level of the judicial system towards women, it problematizes using arrest or conviction rates as representative of actual female crime rates.

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept The state courts data (bjs.gov/content/pub/pd…) shows a slight sentencing discrepancy between white and black defendants that's completely dwarfed by the sentencing discrepancy in favor of women (that's comparable to Law Professor Sonja B. Starr's federal data cited hereinabove).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept Consider also "Gender and the Social Costs of Sentencing: An Analysis of Sentences Imposed on Male and Female Offenders in Three U.S. District Courts" by Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn published in 11 Berkeley J. Crim. L. 43 (2006) (available at scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewconten…).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn write "[t]he fact that we found a consistent pattern of preferential treatment of female offenders… suggests that federal court judges evaluate female offenders differently than male offenders…." 11 Berkeley J. Crim. L. 76 (2006).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept I.H. Nagel & B.L. Johnson, The Role of Gender in a Structured Sentencing System: Equal Treatment, Policy Choices, and the Sentencing of Female Offenders under the United States Sentencing Guidelines, 85 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 181 (1994–1995) (link: pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8016/bb0bcfffc…).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept "[W]hen these [criminal justice] decision-makers [such as police, prosecutors, and judges] are free to exercise discretion, they systematically favor female offenders over similarly situated male offenders." 85 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 182 (1994–1995).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept Ilene H. Nagel and Barry L. Johnson write "the federal sentencing guidelines have not eliminated the favorable treatment of female offenders[ and s]pecial treatment, not equal treatment, persists." 85 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 221 (1994–1995) (pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8016/bb0bcfffc…).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept Consider "Gender and the Social Costs of Sentencing: An Analysis of Sentences Imposed on Male and Female Offenders in Three U.S. District Courts" by Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn published in 11 Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law 43 (2006) (link: lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1120434…).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept "[S]tudies have found that gender effects favoring female offenders over male offenders occur at a significantly higher rate than race effects favoring white offenders over black offenders." 11 Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law 46 (2006) (link: lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1120434…).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn "found a consistent pattern of preferential treatment of female offenders [and] …neither the offender's marital status nor childcare responsibilities affected any of the three indicators of sentence severity…." Id. at 76.

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn found "that federal court judges evaluate female offenders differently than male offenders, irrespective of their family situations or childcare responsibilities." 11 Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law 76 (2006) (link: lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1120434…).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept Consider "Gender and Sentencing: A Meta-Analysis of Contemporary Research" by Stephanie Bontrager, Kelle Barrick, and Elizabeth Stupi published in 16 Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice 349 (2013)(link: xyonline.net/sites/xyonline… — courtesy of the site of Dr. Michael Flood's blog).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept The "Chivalry… perspective[] argue[s] that a variety of practical and extralegal factors weigh upon criminal justice decision-making, creating greater leniency for female than male offenders." 16 Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice 352–353 (2013).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept "In contrast, Evil Women and Evil Women hybrid theories hold that women are singled out by the criminal justice system and incur stiffer sentences than men." 16 Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice 353 (2013).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept "Overall, 65% of the estimates indicate that women have better sentencing outcomes than men, supporting the Chivalry hypothesis theory. Empirically-sound studies are more likely to support this hypothesis…." 16 Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice 366 (2013).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept Consider "The Persistence of the Criminal Justice Gender Gap: Evidence from 200 Years of Judicial Decisions" dated October 23, 2017, by Anna Bindler and Randi Hjalmarsson (available at conference.iza.org/conference_fil…).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept "[N]umerous studies today document a criminal justice system that treats females more leniently than males" (conference.iza.org/conference_fil…, p. 2).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept "Starr (2015) finds that male defendants in U.S. Federal Courts receive 63% longer sentences than females, even after conditioning on observable case characteristics" (conference.iza.org/conference_fil…, p. 2).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept "During our 200-year sample, there is a prevalent and explicit bias towards women as the weaker sex. We argue that this bias is seen in the courtroom (to the benefit of women)" (conference.iza.org/conference_fil…, p. 28).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept "This paper finds a criminal justice gender gap favoring females that (i) is seen at multiple stages of the justice system, ranging from pleas to conviction and sentencing, and (ii) persists throughout two centuries of trials…" (conference.iza.org/conference_fil…, p. 27).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept Well, @lizawelsh77, that is the data showing (1.) that women commit more domestic violence and (2.) that despite women committing more domestic violence why those acts of violence may not show up in every study about domestic violence (as it depends how violent acts are counted).

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept @threadreaderapp, please unroll.

@lizawelsh77 @Oneiorosgrip @NaughtUmi @TheJusticeDept @threader, please compile.