Amazingly, in his Aṣṭādhyāyī, Pāṇini (5th c. BCE) describes the use of "Parpa" as a wheelchair for disabled person. A person using a Parpa was called a Parpika. It is also referred to as a pitha-sarpi in the Vajasaneya Samhita of the Athravaveda & the Jatakas.
Described as a chair with a rectangular seat frame & standing on two wheels, a pillow was placed on the seat. Often the seat frame was decorated with accessories such as beads. This shows that differently abled people were respected & accommodated in ancient Hindu society
References:
Nāgārjunakoṇḍā: A Cultural Study
By K. Krishna Murthy
India as known to Panini : VS Agrawala
The source book appears to have a misprint in their references, the Vajasaneyi Samhita is part of the Yajurveda not the Atharvaveda.
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This marble Murti of Lord Brahma was broken in 8 pieces, torso removed, desecrated & plundered by Mahmud of Ghazni from a Hindu temple he destroyed. It was discovered by the Italian Archaeological Mission in 1957 while excavating the ruins of Ghazni’s palace in Afghanistan.
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The face was completely worn away - destroyed by thousands of feet stepping on it to mark Islamic supremacy over Hinduism. Following Islamic tradition, Mahmud had buried it under a doorway, so Muslims would constantly step on it as an act of ultimate humiliation for Hindus.
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Countless plundered Hindu artifacts like this Murti were abducted by Ghazni to be trampled upon. The Italian team stated that the find represented “an un-hoped for & stimulating evidence of trophies brought to Ghazni from India, following the triumphs of the Ghaznavids.”
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Could today’s technology exist without the invention of number systems, zero, decimals, algebra, trigonometry, algorithms, etc.? Many historians credit Arab scholars, for these ideas, but Arab records themselves reveal that they learnt these concepts from the Hindus of India.
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As far back as 772 CE, a great Indian astronomer visited the Baghdad court of Caliph al-Mansur. He shared astronomy & math formulas from the Brahma-Sphuta-Siddhanta of Brahmagupta(~628 CE). Famous astronomer Al-Fazari translated it - in a book called “Al-Sindhind al-Kabir”
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Concepts from Brâhma-Sphuta-Siddhânta of Brahmagupta & Sûrya-Siddhânta, were translated from Persian into Arabic in a book called Al-Sindhind al-Kabir” referring to Al-Kabîr (great) & "sindhind" as “centuries of centuries”. The astronomical tables were called "zij as- Shah"
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Many Hindus think Christmas is a time of good cheer & celebrate with Christmas pudding/fruitcake made with currants, raisins, candied peels & fruits soaked in brandy and rum. But this innocuous seeming pudding hides the sordid tale of Britain’s colonial imperialism & racism.
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Christmas pudding was earlier called Empire Pudding. It was created by the British empire to show dominance across all its enslaved colonies. Designed as be a culinary symbol, it was a showcase of the consolidated power of the British Empire over its conquered territories.
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Aside from flour & beer, no other ingredients in the dish came from British soil. Empire Pudding was a showcase of misappropriated wealth of ingredients from across the colonies. It was to serve as a symbol of the ultimate tribute by the colonized.
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Priyanka Gandhi says“Empowerment doesn't mean a gas cylinder or a toilet. It means self-reliance. Women should be able to decide their own priorities, make their own life & fight against all exploitation.”
Have LPG or toilets have made any difference to India’s women?
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In 2017 an FSG study funded by Shell Foundation revealed 80% of rural women use biomass fuel to cook. They spent almost 4.5 hours daily on cooking & related activities. Most of this time was spent on gathering & preparing biomass fuels which are highly inefficient to cook with.
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The study found that women using LPG for cooking spent 3 hours less than those who used biomass fuels. LPG users saved 1 hour of cooking time, 1.5 hours on gathering cooking fuels & 1/2 hour on cleaning less dirty utensils. Does 3 hours extra every day not enable self-reliance?
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King Nala’s (Nala-Damayanti fame) culinary book Paka Darpanam describes rice recipes that we still eat today. Recipes for tamarind rice, lemon rice, curry leaf rice, yogurt rice, Biriyani from chicken, meat, quail & Tahari were all eaten in India even before Mahabharat times.
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Rice fried with Ghee was called “Ghritanna” & many rice preparations in this category are still enjoyed in Indian cuisine today. Lemon juice, sesame oil, ginger, garlic, curry leaves & Hing were combined to make delicious lemon rice to increase strength & reduce phlegm.
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Tamarind (Chinchafala) & Curry Leaf (Kaitarya) rice are similarly described. Tamarind rice made of tamarind juice, ginger, garlic & Hing increases heat & subdues colic. Curry leaf made with sesame oil, Hing & camphor is an antiseptic, kills parasites & reduces congestion.
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Maize is supposed to have been brought to India by the Portugese as a New world crop. But clearly distinctive stone carvings of maize are clearly visible in at least 3 Hoysala temples at Somnathpur, Halebid & Belur in Karnataka.
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Authors Johannessen & Parker, published a research paper “Maize Ears Sculptured in 12th & 13th Century A.D. India as Indicators of Pre-Columbian Diffusion," in Economic Botany providing archaeological & literary evidence that Maize (corn) was present in India from 5th c. CE.
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Their study revealed that Hoysala stone carvings of attendants to gods hold distinctly identifiable Maize ears with very specific Mudras. They analyzed grain size, number of rows, physical characteristics & shape compared to real specimens to identify the carvings as maize.