#JanuAIRWAY Day 24 -Paediatric Airways. (ft. expert contributions from Alistair Baxter and @ENT_UK’s Adam Donne). Let’s dive in … Here's some #OnePagers covering anatomy, induction, airway manoeuvres and basic airway equipment. #JanuAIRWAY 1/10
Top tip from Alistair Baxter: Remember that a Macintosh blade is a hyperangulated blade in an infant and requires an intubation stylet shaped to match the curve of the blade #JanuAIRWAY 2/10
The difficult paediatric airway = #SCARY. Upper airway obstruction in children – broad range of presentations, three important diagnoses; Croup, Epiglottitis and Inhaled Foreign Body. Here’s some #OnePagers. #JanuAIRWAY 3/10
Most VL devices have paediatric blades available. Question #MedTwitter do you have paediatric VL available in your department? #JanuAIRWAY 7/10
Fibreoptic intubation is an advanced technique that requires attention to detail and management of multiple different aspects. Intubation via a SAD is a nice technique. Here’s a #OnePager covering the essentials. #JanuAIRWAY 8/10
Failed intubation requires a different approach in Obs. The 2015 @dasairway /@OAAinfo guidelines are really helpful for this! Covering safe Obs GA, failed intubation and GA. #JanuAIRWAY 2/5
The DAS/OAA guidelines also cover decision making – when to bail out / when to proceed and aftercare – which mustn’t be overlooked! #JanuAIRWAY 3/5
#JanuAIRWAY Day 23 (the final stretch!). Malacias and SVC Obstruction. Here's a pair of #OnePagers to get started.. #JanuAIRWAY 1/10
What are malacias? = rare dynamic airway obstruction - (congenital / acquired) due to loss of cartilaginous support
Decreased intratracheal pressure + increased intrathoracic pressure lead to airway compression
Severity is proportional to expiratory force #JanuAIRWAY 2/10
Issues
Obstruction can occur even if aymptomatic
Maintain spont. Vent. if poss
Emergency management =+ve pressure (splint airways open) or bypass obstruction
Surgery depends on location / extent
Extubate deep (avoid coughing) or directly to CPAP #JanuAIRWAY 3/10
#JanuAIRWAY Day 22. Airway Obstruction – Infraglottic (intrathoracic). Again, presents its own set of challenges. Let’s dive in … Here's a #OnePager (Ft. expert contribution Sadie Khwaja @ENT_UK ) #JanuAIRWAY 1/7
Issues:
- Upper/Mid lesions usually low risk – ETT may pass beyond
- Low tracheal/Bronchial lesions = high risk, best managed in specialist centres
- CT scan = essential
- Sudden obstruction can occur at ANY time
- Potential compression of heart/vessels #JanuAIRWAY 2/7
Severe Obstruction:
- Check position patient breaths best in
- Spont vent may help, IPPV may cause airway collapse
- Opinion re: IV vs inhalational = mixed
- Ketamine ?preserves chest wall tone
- Need back up plan
- Consider Heliox/bypass/ECMO before starting #JanuAIRWAY 3/7
#JanuAIRWAY Day 21. Airway Obstruction – Infraglottic (extrathoracic). Presents a unique set of challenges. Let’s dive in … Here's a #OnePager #JanuAIRWAY 1/6
Physiology
- Theory=fixed lesion unaffected by respiratory cycle / anaesthesia induction (most have dynamic element)
- Extrathoracic lesions usually better in expiration +ve pressure splints airway open
- Lets’ revisit flow-volume loops as they can be helpful #JanuAIRWAY 2/6
Issues:
- Laryngoscopy likely to be uneffected. However, major concern = inability to pass ETT atraumatically beyond the level of obstruction
- Nasendoscopy can be useful to view lesion
- AFOI/FOI may cause ‘cork in bottle’ effect depending on lesion size/location #JanuAIRWAY 3/6
#JanuAIRWAY Day 20. Airway Obstruction – Periglottic. Often the most challenging for the general anaesthetist. Let’s dive in … Here's a #OnePager #JanuAIRWAY 1/6
Issues:
- Must d/w with ENT colleagues
- Preop nasendoscopy by experienced nasendoscopist = essential
- AFOI may worsen obstruction – cork in bottle
- Inhalational induction may be difficult
Key Q's
- Static or dynamic obstruction?
- Will ETT pass? #JanuAIRWAY 2/6
Options:
- May be able to pass ETT – consider MLT or jet vent.
- Apnoeic (HFNO) or intermittent oxygenation technique depending on type of surgery (elective/emergent)
- Awake Tracheal Intubation
- Transtracheal catheter (+/- jet ventilation)
- Awake tracheostomy #JanuAIRWAY 3/6