In 1991 he started a rap group and a program called "The underground railroad", seeking to create a alternative way out of the streets for young Black men.
Tupac 1991 :
"The concept behind this is the same concept behind Harriet Tubman, to get my brothers who might be into drug dealing or whatever it is that’s illegal or who are disenfranchised by today’s society-I want to get them back by turning them onto music."
"It could be R&B, hip hop or pop, as long as I can get them involved. While I’m doing that, I’m teaching them to find a love for themselves so they can love others and do the same thing we did for them to others" - Tupac speaking on his group the underground railroad, 1991
Tupac's music often spoke of the police brutality that African Americans face on a regular. In 1991 he was stopped and harassed by the Oakland police, who choked and slammed him to the ground, after being accused of jaywalking.
"For everyone who doesn't know, I, an innocent young black male, was walking down the streets of Oakland minding my own business and the police department saw fit for me to be trained or snapped back into my place. So they asked for my ID and sweated me about my name" - 2pac 1991
"We're in the midst of having a $10 million dollar lawsuit against the Oakland Police Department. If I win and get the money, then the Oakland Police department is going to buy a Boys Home, me a house, my family a house, and a 'Stop Police Brutality Center" - 2pac, 1991
Tupac speaking on the death of La'tasha Harlins in 1991
"You know what my momma used to tell me if ya can't find something to live for......then you BEST, find something to die for. La'tasha Harlins, remember that name...Cause a bottle of juice... it's not something to die for"
In 1992 with the help of his step father Black Panther & political prisoner Mutulu Shakur, he co-authored The T.H.U.G. L.I.F.E Code, which was signed by Crips & Bloods at the “Truce Picnic” in Watts, California", a code of ethics created for the purposes of organizing and uniting
In '93 while in Atlanta 2pac witness white off duty police officers harassing a Black man, after intervening he was attacked and responded by shooting the police officers. He was later arrested, but the charges were dropped after witnesses revealed that he reacted in self defense
OG Monster Kody also known as Sanyika Shakur, was a high ranking Crip, who worked to incorporate revolutionary pan African idealogy into the streets.
Tupac spoke with him in 1996, about creating programs for the youth, organizing the streets and forming a new political party.
Tupac renamed himself Makaveli after the Italian Renaissance author Niccolò Machiavelli, referred to as the "the father of modern political philosophy". All members of his group "The Outlawz" took on names of world dictators
"E.D.I. Mean" was named for Ugandan dictator Idi Amin
Yaki Kadafi Akiyele Fula, named for Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi.
Katari Kastro named for Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.
Hussein Fatal named for Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein.
Mutah "Napoleon" Wassin Shabazz Beale, named for French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte
Mopreme "Komani" Shakur, Tupac's stepbrother, was named for Iranian revolutionary leader Ayatollah Khomeini.
"Too many families that’s been affected by a wrongful death. This system and this country has tore apart my family, and our families. You can’t have a black family and be together" - Tupac Shakur
"How many more funerals do we gotta go to, and how many more scenes of the crime do we gotta watch them chalk out black figures on the concrete" - Tupac Shakur
"Before we realise that the only way for us to get out of this predicament is to struggle to survive. If we wanna change we gotta fight for it, ain’t nobody gonna give it to us, we just gonna have to take it.” - Tupac Shakur
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Ancient Nigerians in Nsukka started smelting iron some time between 2631 - 2458 BCE, long before the arrival of Nok people
The dufuna canoe, Nok canoe art and Atlantic seashell terracotta may be evidence of Nok long distance trade with iron metallurgists, down the Niger River
"Some very early iron dates include 1895–1370 BCE at Tchire Ouma 147 in the Termit Massif region of Niger; 2631–2458 BCE at Lejja in Nsukka region, Nigeria"
- Foreman Bandama
"The beginning of iron production sometime between 750 and 550 BC"
- Louis Champion
"In Taruga he recovered terracotta fragments in context with iron-smelting furnaces. Radiocarbon measurements dated the site to the mid-first millennium BC"
- Dr. Nicole Rupp
Oral Tradition and Archeological Evidence For the Mande origin of the Ancient Tichitt Civilization
(THREAD)
"During this final phase the Dhar Tichitt-Walata counts 90 villages built...before settling again and forming the kingdom of Ghana"
- Professor Augustin Holl
"Neolithic sites there are attributed by the present nomadic population of the country to the Gangara, who were probably ancestors of the Soninke. Indeed, Azer, a Soninke dialect, is still spoken in Walata, Nema, Tichitt, and even in Shingit"
- Professor George E Brooks
"At some point before the coming of
Islam, however, the arrival of another discrete people from the north is attested by the oral traditions. These people are termed the "Nono" in the Tarikh as Sudan (Es-Sadi, AD 1650) and in numerous Mande oral tradition"
When most people think of ancient history, their mind usualy goes to the Romans or the Hebrews of biblical scripture but the Ancient West African Tichitt Civilization of Mauritania and Mali is older than both the Romans and the Hebrews. Beginning 2200 BCE
"Southern Mauritania have revealed a wealth of rather spectacular stone masonry villages which were occupied by prehistoric cultivators.... It is argued that the inhabitants of these villages were Negro and very probably Soninke"
- Professor Patrick J. Munson
"Striking resemblances between the prehistoric ceramics and the present Soninke pottery manufacture, Munson concluded that the present-day Soninke are descendents of early prehistoric inhabitants of the Dhar Tichitt region"
- Professor Augustin F.C. Holl
In 1595 an anonymous Spaniard living in Morocco wrote about how the Kanem empire acquired guns from Turkish soldiers. He mentions that this empire boarders a Kingdom of Black Christians converted by the Portuguese, referring to the Kongo.
Quote from: "Relation de la Jornada que El Rey Marruecos he hecho a la conquista del reyno de Gago" by an anonymous Spaniard, 1595
We can only imagine how differently history would've been recorded had the kingdoms of Kongo and Angola sought out a alliance with Kanem or at least created trade relationships with them.
Ruth B. Fisher, a British missionary wrote about the pre colonial African science and surgery of Uganda in 1911 :
"Vaccination for small-pox was known long before European influence reached them, as people were inoculated with the lymph taken from the arm of an affected person"
"knowledge of surgery....Possessing no surgical implements, they operated clumsily but often successfully with their ordinary septic belt knives"
- Twilight tales of the Black Baganda, Ruth B. Fisher, 1911
"In cases of comminuted fractures, which are frequent (as the people live in such close contact with wild animals), the custom has been to cut out the shattered pieces of bone and insert a piece freshly taken from an ox or goat, then bind the limb up"
- Ruth B. Fisher, 1911
"If there had not been an Nkrumah and his followers in Ghana, Ghana would still be a British colony"
- Dr. Martin Luther King Jr
"Ghana has something to say to us. It says to us first, that the oppressor never voluntarily gives freedom to the oppressed. You have to work for it"
- Dr. Martin Luther King Jr
"And if Nkrumah and the people of the Gold Coast had not stood up persistently, revolting against the system, it would still be a colony of the British Empire
- Dr. Martin Luther King Jr