To fully appreciate the insights in this chapter, you need to know a little bit about:
- Probability,
- Horse Racing, and
- Expectations Investing.
In this thread, I'll help you understand some of these fundamental concepts.
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Key Insight #1
We should learn the distinction between Investing and Speculation/Gambling.
*Investing* is all about:
- Doing the work,
- Spotting mis-priced opportunities -- ie, discrepancies between *price* and *value*, and
- Intelligently betting on these opportunities.
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Here's a section from Buffett's 2013 letter that I found very useful in understanding the distinction between *Investing* and *Speculation/Gambling*:
As usual, Buffett's articulation is clear and spot on:
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This "value investing" philosophy can be practiced in many places -- in financial markets, at the horse races, at poker and blackjack tables, in sports betting, etc.
And "investors" from all these different disciplines can learn from one another:
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Key Insight #2
As investors, we should strive to master the basics of probability.
No investment is a 100% guarantee.
Whenever we buy a stock, we are making a probabilistic bet.
Our portfolio is a collection of such bets.
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Thus, understanding the fundamentals of probability can help us manage our portfolios for the long term without taking undue risk.
Plus, probability is such a delightful subject to learn -- just for its own sake!
So, how exactly do we go about learning probability?
I suggest a 2-step process.
Step 1. Read non-technical books (like those by @nntaleb and @AnnieDuke) to get acquainted with the big key ideas -- conditional probability, survival, base rates, etc.
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And Step 2: Take a probability textbook (or a book of probability puzzles) and work through all the examples and exercise problems in it.
This will concretize our understanding of the ideas from Step 1, and improve our numerical fluency in applying them.
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Key Insight #3
Expectations Investing
Whether we're betting on stocks or horses, we're participating in a kind of "parimutuel" system.
In such situations, out-sized profits come NOT from finding *winners*, but from finding *mis-priced bets*.
An example of how "Expectations Investing" may play out in practice, in the stock market:
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And here's Steven Crist, outlining how Expectations Investing plays a very similar role in horse races as well:
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Key Insight #4
Investors should seek to minimize overheads as much as possible.
In a horse race, this may be the racetrack's "takeout".
In financial markets, this may be transaction costs, advisor fees, capital gains taxes, loss of purchasing power due to inflation, etc.
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Key Insight #5
Sometimes, "exotic" bets may be more mis-priced than "ordinary" bets.
With horses, this may be an exacta/trifecta.
With stocks, it may be a pairs trade/options strategy.
We shouldn't disregard a bet just because it looks complicated. It may be lucrative.
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Key Insight #6
While porting over lessons from one discipline and applying them to another, it's important to be conscious of fundamental differences between the two disciplines.
For example, *horse racing* may be a *negative* sum game ...
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Whereas *investing in stocks* may be *positive* sum (at least, for long-term investors).
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About Money Concepts
We're a virtual investing club. Our goal is to help each other become better investors.
We meet Sundays at 1pm ET via @getcallin, to discuss all things investing.
Join us. Get the app. Subscribe. Tell your friends.
My friend @Gautam__Baid (and author of the excellent book, The Joys of Compounding) is launching a new Chapter.
It's called "Qualitative Investing And Fund Management".
Through this, Gautam wants to educate folks about important investing concepts.
A short thread: 👇👇👇
So, what's a "Chapter"?
It's a 4-week online course.
Once you enroll, you're given a curated set of resources that'll help you learn the basics of a subject over 4 weeks.
These resources are usually available for free online -- articles, blog posts, YouTube videos, etc.
Plus, you get access to an instructor (here, Gautam Baid). He shares his insights with you, you get to ask him questions, etc. -- through an online forum.
And you can also use this forum to interact with fellow course takers.
It's about the "magic of retained earnings" -- how businesses can create tremendous value by retaining part of their earnings and compounding it over time.
In this thread, I'll walk you through the "magic of retained earnings".
This is the basic theory behind why stocks grow exponentially over long periods of time.
As investors, we'd do well to understand this theory -- and the assumptions it's based on.
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Warren Buffett's 2019 letter to Berkshire shareholders has a section titled "The Power of Retained Earnings".
In this section, Buffett describes how businesses can deliver enormous benefits to their owners by *retaining* and *compounding* a portion of their earnings:
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Let's break down this key insight from Buffett's letter.
Imagine we have a business that earns $100M per year.
Let's say this $100M neither grows nor shrinks over time.
Examples of compounding: (1) A savings account that accrues interest, (2) a business that retains earnings and re-invests them to earn steady returns.
NOT an example of compounding: hourly wages.
Highlight #2
Buffett's early start is a big part of his > $100B net worth. He bought his first stock when he was just 11.
Thankfully, most of us don't need $100B to be happy in life. If our goal is simply to achieve Financial Independence, we can afford to start a little later.