Thread by @michelle_furlow

Last week in #Criminology, we were discussing financial stress.

BUT ... what non-financially related reason do you think causes most people strain?

Join me tomorrow, Monday, 10:30am, cst, to discuss

#CRJ105 #CulturalDeviance

This morning we are going to build on last week's discussion of Social Process, looking at how crime is learned and a socialized part of our growth and development

#CRJ105 #Chapter05 #SocialProcess

We will conclude with quite a few thinking challenges, discussing Formation of Subcultures, I want to know YOUR opinions, to get ready to weigh in ...

#CRJ105 #Criminology #SubcultureTheory #Chapter06

If you need a quick reminder of our introduction to

#Socialization
#SocialProcess
#SocialStrain

Here's last week's link:

https://twitter.com/michelle_furlow/status/1498331377212825603

#CRJ105 #Chapter05 #SocialProcess

Do people with means & financial resources EVER experience stress?

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #SocialStructure #Strain

Sociologist Robert Agnew substantially revised Merton’s theory in order to provide a broader explanation of criminal behavior.

The reformulation is called general strain theory

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #SocialStructure #Strain

THINKING CHALLENGE: What is the most frustrating to you, personally?

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #SocialStructure #Strain

THINKING CHALLENGE: Of the following below, what is your biggest social pet peeve?

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #SocialStructure #Strain

THINKING CHALLENGE: Of the following below, what is your biggest social pet peeve?

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #SocialStructure #Strain

General strain theory explains the range of strain-producing events from the mundane to the highly aggravating

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #SocialStructure #Strain

General strain theory explains the range of strain-producing events:
•Strain caused by failure to achieve positively valued goals.
•Stress caused by the removal of positively valued stimuli from the individual.
•Strain caused by the presentation of negative stimuli

THINKING CHALLENGE: Can you recall a time that you failed to achieve a positively valued goal?

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #SocialStructure #Strain

THINKING CHALLENGE: Can you think of an example of when reality failed to meet your expectations?

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #SocialStructure #Strain

THINKING CHALLENGE: Can you think of a time when you lost of positively valued stimuli?

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #SocialStructure #Strain

THINKING CHALLENGE: Can you recall an example when presence of negative stimuli promoted bad behavior?

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #SocialStructure #Strain

Strain theory has helped people develop a crime-prevention strategy.

#CRJ105 #Strain

If, as the theory says, frustration builds up in people who have few means for reaching their goals, it makes sense to design programs that give people a bigger stake in society

#CRJ105 #Strain

Head Start is a program that provides comprehensive early childhood education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income children and families

acf.hhs.gov/ohs

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #SocialStructure #Strain

Lifestyles of members can be significantly different from those of individuals in the dominant culture.

This can be especially true for those economically cut off from the dominant culture

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #SocialStructure #CulturalDeviance

Cultural deviance theories attribute crime to a set of values that exist in disadvantaged neighborhoods.

opportunityatlas.org

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance

The three major cultural deviance theories are
~social disorganization,
~differential association,
~and culture conflict.

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance

The 1992 Edward James Olmos classic, American Me, is an excellent look at the development of deviant subcultures



#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance

Scholars associated with the University of Chicago in the 1920s became interested in socially disorganized Chicago neighborhoods

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #SocialDisorganization

Scholars associated with the University of Chicago in the 1920s became interested in socially disorganized Chicago neighborhoods

sociology.uchicago.edu

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #SocialDisorganization

Robert Park and Ernest Burgess advanced the study of social disorganization by introducing ecological analysis into the study of human society

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #SocialDisorganization

Park and Burgess examined AREA characteristics instead of criminals for explanations of high crime rates.

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #SocialDisorganization

Park and Burgess developed the idea of natural urban areas, consisting of concentric zones extending out from the downtown central business district to the commuter zone at the fringes of the city

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #SocialDisorganization

Shaw and McKay demonstrated that the highest rates of delinquency persisted in the same areas of Chicago over the extended period from 1900 to 1933, even though the ethnic composition changed

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #SocialDisorganization

The crucial factor was not ethnicity but, rather, the position of the group in terms of economic status and cultural values

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #SocialDisorganization

The evidence clearly indicated to them that delinquency was socially learned behavior, transmitted from one generation to the next in disorganized urban areas. This phenomenon is called cultural transmission.

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #SocialDisorganization

Although their work has had a significant impact, social ecologists have not been immune to challenges

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #SocialDisorganization

Whether a person becomes law-abiding or criminal, then, depends on contacts with criminal values, attitudes, definitions, and behavior patterns

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #DifferentialAssociation

The social influences that people encounter determine their behavior

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #DifferentialAssociation

THINKING CHALLENGE: Who has been most influential in teaching you values, skills, behaviors?

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #DifferentialAssociation

Much of the criticism stems from errors in interpretation. Several scholars have asked whether the principles of differential association really explain all types of crime

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #DifferentialAssociation

THINKING CHALLENGE: Which do you think is more influential in determining access to criminal options?

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #DifferentialAssociation

Differential association theory suggests that there is an inevitability about the process of becoming a criminal. Despite these criticisms, the theory has had a profound influence on criminology

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #DifferentialAssociatio

Differential association theory is based on the learning of criminal (or deviant) norms or attitudes. Culture conflict theory focuses on the source of these criminal norms and attitudes

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #CultureConflict

As we've concluded Chapter 05, what theory seems to make the most sense explaining crime?

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #Chapter05 #Strain #CulturalDeviance

As we've concluded Chapter 05, what theory do you think is the weakest in explaining crime?

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #Chapter05 #Strain #CulturalDeviance

Let's do a bit of a SUBCULTURE SELF-ASSESSMENT in looking at the way that various forces shape our personality, outlook, values, & development.

#CRJ105 #Criminology #SubcultureTheory #Chapter6

SUBCULTURE SELF-ASSESSMENT: How does your neighborhood shape you?

#CRJ105 #Criminology #SubcultureTheory #Chapter6

SUBCULTURE SELF-ASSESSMENT:

How does your family shape you?

#CRJ105 #Criminology #SubcultureTheory #Chapter6

SUBCULTURE SELF-ASSESSMENT:

How does your job shape you?

#CRJ105 #Criminology #SubcultureTheory #Chapter6

SUBCULTURE SELF-ASSESSMENT:

How does your faith or spirituality shape you?

#CRJ105 #Criminology #SubcultureTheory #Chapter6

SUBCULTURE SELF-ASSESSMENT:

How does your political party shape you?

#CRJ105 #Criminology #SubcultureTheory #Chapter6

SUBCULTURE SELF-ASSESSMENT:

How does your income shape you?

#CRJ105 #Criminology #SubcultureTheory #Chapter6

SUBCULTURE SELF-ASSESSMENT:

How does your ethnicity shape you?

#CRJ105 #Criminology #SubcultureTheory #Chapter6

SUBCULTURE SELF-ASSESSMENT:

How does your nationality shape you?

#CRJ105 #Criminology #SubcultureTheory #Chapter6

Were those trick questions? A little bit ... as each could have had an all of the above option

#CRJ105 #Criminology #SubcultureTheory

Subcultural theories look at how our life experiences and immediate surrounds shape our views, attitudes, and ambitions in life

#CRJ105 #Criminology #SubcultureTheory

More specifically, sub-cultural theories in criminology were developed to account for delinquency among lower-class males, especially for one of its most important expressions, the teenage gang

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #Subcultures

Delinquent subcultures, like all subcultures, emerge in response to special problems that members of the "dominant" culture do not face

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #Subcultures

Of course, we do have to pause to consider what factors influence the concept of "dominant" culture. What factor do you think is most influential today?

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #Subcultures

A subculture is a subdivision within the dominant culture that has its own norms, beliefs, and values.

Subcultures typically emerge when people in similar circumstances find themselves isolated from the mainstream and band together for mutual support

#CRJ105 #Subcultures

Increased gang activity spurred much of the investigation into socialization and the power of social grouping

#CRJ105 #Subcultures

THINKING CHALLENGE: Are you familiar with the concept of the "middle class measuring rod"

#CRJ105 #Subcultures

The "middle class measuring rod" implies that all youth, of all income levels, are compared against the values of the middle class for that of academic & life success.

#CRJ105 #Subcultures

Lower-class children are evaluated by middle-class values which may or may not reflect their own values and upbringing.

#CRJ105 #Subcultures

THINKING CHALLENGE: What are some values or behaviors that might vary across social economic status?

#CRJ105 #Subcultures

THINKING CHALLENGE: The values & behaviors of some groups may clash with conventional "middle-class rules" in terms of attitudes about ...

#CRJ105 #Subcultures

Albert Cohen explained how the delinquent subculture arises, where it is found within the social structure, and why it has the particular characteristics that it does

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

Most survey respondents stated they thought the 1991 drama, Boyz In The Hood, best illustrated how criminal subcultures can arise. What makes this movie so good?

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

What is the result of the #middleclassmeasuringrod?

For many lower class youth, they experience status frustration

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

By the middle-class #measuringrod, lower-class children fall far short of the standards they must meet if they are to compete successfully with middle-class children.

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

THINKING CHALLENGE: Is today's discussion about respecting versus fearing the police an example of a middle class measuring rod?

How so?

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

Subcultural theorists present schools as especially problematic for the 'middle class measuring rod'

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

Cohen argues that they experience status frustration and strain, to which they respond by adopting one of three roles:
~corner boy,
~college boy,
~or delinquent boy.

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

The corner boy hangs out in the neighborhood with his peer group, spending the day in some group activity, such as gambling or athletic competition. Most lower-class boys become corner boys.

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

There are very few “college boys.” These boys continually strive to live up to middle-class standards, but their chances for success are limited because of academic and social hardships.

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

“Delinquent boys” band together to form a subculture in which they can define status in ways that to them seem attainable.

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

Cohen claims that even though these lower-class youths set up their own norms, they have internalized the norms of the dominant class and feel anxious when they go against those norms.

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

To deal with this conflict, they resort to #reactionformation, a mechanism that relieves anxiety through the process of rejecting with abnormal intensity what one wants but cannot obtain.

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

Reaction Formation argues that young men, excluded from the benefits of middle class society, actively, purposefully act out against those values as a self-defense for self-preservation against that isolation

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

THINKING CHALLENGE: But don't ALL kids feel isolated, misunderstood, and excluded from some aspect of the "mainstream"?

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

Cohen’s theory does not explain why most delinquents eventually become law-abiding even though their position in the class structure remains relatively fixed.

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

THINKING CHALLENGE: Does this look at subcultures account for the "aging-out" phenomenon?

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

Criminological researchers generally agree that Cohen’s theory is responsible for major advances in research on delinquency

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance

Among them are researchers who have found a relationship between delinquency and social status in the society. Much evidence also supports Cohen’s assumption that lower-class children perform more poorly in school than middle-class children

#CRJ105 #CulturalDeviance

THINKING CHALLENGE: Does social status affect in school performance?

#CRJ105 #CulturalDeviance

But critics ask an important question:

The behavior of delinquent boys is a deliberate response to middle-class opinion ...

... BUT ...

what if the boys do not care about the opinions of middle-class people?

#CRJ105 #CulturalDeviance

Cohen’s theory answers a number of questions left unresolved by the strain. Yet his theory does not explain why most delinquents eventually become law-abiding even though their position in the class structure remains relatively fixed

#CRJ105 #CulturalDeviance

Gerardo Lopez grew up in gang territory in Los Angeles, California, and was just 14 years old when he joined MS-13, the notorious Salvadorean gang. Why did he join and why did he leave?

ted.com/talks/gerardo_…

#CRJ105 #CulturalDeviance

Can you help me? This question remains as a recurring theme across Walz life from gangster to youth worker. Once he asked it - now others ask it of him



#CRJ105 #CulturalDeviance

Like Cohen’s theory, the theory of differential opportunity developed by Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin combines strain, differential association, and social disorganization concepts.

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

Both theories suggest that lack of means causes frustration for lower-class youths, and that criminal behavior is learned and culturally transmitted

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

Cloward and Ohlin diasgree, however, that lower-class delinquents remain goal-oriented.

The kind of delinquent behavior they engage in depends on the illegitimate opportunities available to them

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

In areas where conventional and illegitimate values and behavior are integrated by a close connection of illegitimate and legitimate businesses, “criminal gangs” emerge.

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

According to Cloward & Ohlin, "criminal gangs" are groups of youth willing to innovate, improvise, hustle to gain social, economic advantage

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

An in-depth look at the formation of Chicago's Black P Stones: #CRJ105

#MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

Neighborhoods characterized by instability, Cloward & Ohlin argue, offer few opportunities to get ahead in organized criminal activities, gives rise to “conflict gangs,” to gain a reputation for toughness and destructive violence

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance

Cloward & Ohlin describe retreatist gangs as double failures, they have not been successful in the legitimate world and have been equally unsuccessful in the illegitimate worlds of organized criminal activity and violence-oriented gangs.

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance

Empirical evidence suggests that gang behavior is more versatile and involves a wider range of criminal and noncriminal acts than the patterns outlined by Cloward and Ohlin.

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

An excellent follow-up resource on some of the specific details of Chicago gangs:
chicagoganghistory.com

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

I also highly recommend @frontlinepbs
documentary "The Interrupters", featuring @AmeenaMatthews

pbs.org/wgbh/frontline…
…

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

What connections can you make between formation of subcultures and the attempt to interrupt the transmission of violence?

pbs.org/wgbh/frontline……

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

The first of Cloward and Ohlin’s assumptions, that blocked opportunities are related to delinquency, has had mixed support

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

One of the main criticisms is that their theory is class-oriented. If, as Cloward and Ohlin claim, delinquency is a response to blocked opportunities,

How can one explain middle-class delinquency?

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

THINKING CHALLENGE: Does America have a subculture of violence?

#CRJ105 #Subcultures

Violence is the means used to gain status in conflict gangs. Conventional society’s recognition of the “worst” gangs becomes a mark of prestige, perpetuating the high standards of their members.

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

Some subcultures behavior norms are dictated by a value system that demands the use of force or violence. Subcultures that adhere to conduct norms conducive to violence are referred to as subcultures of violence

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

Violence is not used in all situations, but it is frequently an expected response. #Violence is not considered antisocial. Members of this subculture feel no guilt about their aggression.

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

The subculture of violence thesis has also generated a line of empirical research that looks at regional differences in levels of violent crime

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

Though empirical evidence remains inconclusive, the subculture of violence theory is supported by the distribution of violent crime in American society.

#CRJ105 #Subcultures

All the theorists examined thus far explain criminal and delinquent behavior in terms of subcultural values that emerge and are perpetuated from one generation to the next in lower-class urban slums.

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

Miller has identified six focal concerns, or areas, to which lower-class males give persistent attention:
~Trouble
~Toughness
~Smartness
~Excitement
~Luck
~Autonomy

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

An obvious question is whether in one’s global, heterogeneous, secular, technologically based society any isolated pockets of culture are still to be found

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

The pervasiveness of mass advertising, mass transit, and mass communication makes it seem unlikely that an entire class of people could be unaware of the dominant value system

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

Criminologists have been disturbed by Miller’s assumption that the lower-class lifestyle is generally focused on illegal activity.

They say Miller disregards the fact that most people in the lower class do conform to conventional norms

#CRJ105 #Subcultures

THINKING CHALLENGE: If lower-class boys are conforming to their own value system, would they suffer guilt or shame when they commit delinquent acts?

#CRJ105 #Subcultures

The new subculture that emerged in the 1980s and continues into the new century combines violence, which has become more vicious than in earlier years, with big business in drug trafficking

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

RECOMMENDED VIEWING: CRIPS AND BLOODS: Made in America



#CRJ105 #Subcultures

It is estimated that between 50 and 70 percent of gang members own or have access to weapons.

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

Exploring the link between gun violence and gang activity | Guns in Canada



#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

Researchers are now focusing more attention on the two types of female gangs—those that are affiliates of male gangs and those that consist of all females.

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

In one of the few early studies, done in 1958, Albert Cohen and James Short suggested that female delinquent subcultures, like their male counterparts, were composed of members who had been frustrated in their efforts to achieve conventional goals

#CRJ105 #Subcultures

Anne Campbell published the first major work on the lifestyle of female gang members in New York. Campbell’s findings demonstrate that girls, like boys, join gangs for mutual support, protection, and a sense of belonging

interactive.wbez.org/everyotherhour

Professor studies Twitter threats of girl gang killer in Chicago via @Suntimes

@FrankMainNews



chicago.suntimes.com/2016/6/5/18365…
…

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

Most people think of gangs as synonymous with inner-city, low-income housing projects, turf wars, and a membership that often comes into conflict with law enforcement. But now the gang lifestyle is moving to suburbia

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

Experts have identified several types of suburban gangs.

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

Delinquent gangs are similar to most inner-city gangs. Criminal activities include physical assaults, theft, burglary, and distribution of illegal drugs.

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

Hate gangs, such as skinheads, attach themselves to an ideology that targets racial and ethnic groups. Vandalism, destruction of property, terrorist threats, physical assaults, and even murder are justified by their belief system.

splcenter.org/hate-map

#CRJ105 #Subcultures

Satanic gangs are affiliated with controversial satanic cults.

chicagoreader.com/Bleader/archiv…

#CRJ105 #Subcultures

RECOMMENDED VIEWING: PARADISE LOST: THE CHILD MURDERS AT ROBIN HOOD HILLS (1996)



#CRJ105 #Subcultures

Most explanations of middle-class delinquency are extensions of subcultural explanations of lower-class delinquency.



#CRJ105 #Subcultures

The most difficult problem that counselors and street workers face is the power gangs have over their members

#CRJ105 #MoraineValley #CulturalDeviance #Subcultures

Subcultural theory assumes that individuals engage in delinquent or criminal behavior based on the following reasons.
~ Legitimate opportunities for success are blocked
~ Criminal values and norms are learned in lower-class slums
#CRJ105 #Subcultures

If you made it this far in the thread, share a gang movie/podcast/book that you recommend. Any season is good, but I have to STRONGLY urge students to listen to Season 3 of @WBEZ
#Motive with @oyousef & @cpicciolini

wbez.org/shows/motive/8…

#CRJ105 #Subcultures

How would you grade today's discussion? As always, I'm eager for follow-up questions, comments, feedback

#CRJ105 #Subcultures #Chapter6 #MoraineValley

@UnrollHelper