1/ “You don’t get points for having your needle in the right place if you don’t get a diagnosis.” When we biopsy the skullbase we work to get a diagnosis.
A sort of #tweetorial but more like a 🧵about our skullbase biopsy system. #FOAMed#medtwitter#neurosurgery#neurotwitter
2/ Unless the lesion is difficult to diagnosis w/FNA (ie, schwannoma), we begin by FNA w/an 18g draw needle & a 22g Quincke needle. We do not aspirate, b/c the skullbase is very vascular, & too much blood will be drawn up, making it difficult to tell if the sample is diagnostic.
3/ However, if we are not getting a diagnosis with FNA, we will move to a core. If it is a deep lesion, we will use the Biopince system, beginning with a 17g, 7 cm introducer. This is an example of IgG4 disease of the trigeminal nerve that failed FNA and required a core
4/ Through the 17g introducer, the 18g Biopince needle is inserted for biopsy. You need about 3.5cm of tissue depth to the lesion to support this system. If there is less tissue, there is not enough purchase to hold the introducer in place and it will sag.
5/ For superficial lesions, we change the introducer to a 16g Angiocath IV needle. It has a internal metal stylet, making it easy to steer. This a deep parotid lesion invading the masticator space requiring a core, but was too superficial to support the normal Biopince system.
6/ The Biopince needle fits perfectly into the 16g Angiocath. The tip of the Angiocath stops the Biopince from advancing further, so you will begin the throw for your core immediately from end of your introducer.
7/ The most important thing is to get the patient a diagnosis. I tell the pathologist "I can do this all day." We biopsy lesions until we are told samples are diagnostic. To prove a negative (ie infection not tumor), we sample at least 10 times to avoid undersampling.
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Brain MRI anatomy is best understood in terms of both form & function.
Here’s a short thread to help you to remember important functional brain anatomy--so you truly can clinically correlate!
2/Let’s start at the top. At the vertex is the superior frontal gyrus. This is easy to remember, bc it’s at the top—and being at the top is superior. It’s like the superior king at the top of the vertex.
3/It is also easy to recognize on imaging. It looks like a big thumb pointing straight up out of the brain. I always look for that thumbs up when I am looking for the superior frontal gyrus (SFG)
If the patient is symptomatic & the greatest stenosis from the plaque is >70% of the diameter of normal distal lumen, patient will likely benefit from carotid endarterectomy
But that doesn’t mean the remaining patients are just fine!
3/Yes, carotid plaques resulting in high-grade stenosis are high risk
But assuming that stenosis is the only mechanism by which a carotid plaque is high risk is like assuming that the only way to kill someone is by strangulation.
1/My hardest thread yet! Are you up for the challenge?
How stroke perfusion imaging works!
Ever wonder why it’s Tmax & not Tmin?
Do you not question & let RAPID read the perfusion for you? Not anymore!
2/Perfusion imaging is based on one principle: When you inject CT or MR intravenous contrast, the contrast flows w/blood & so contrast can be a surrogate marker for blood.
This is key, b/c we can track contrast—it changes CT density or MR signal so we can see where it goes.
3/So if we can track how contrast gets to the tissue (by changes in CT density or MR signal), then we can approximate how BLOOD is getting to the tissue.
And how much blood is getting to the tissue is what perfusion imaging is all about.