Trail trees are trees that have been shaped by human intention rather than environment or disease, and they have been used for centuries to mark the way through the woods across the Americas.
A network of pre-Columbian roads and trails denoted by these trees, most often oak and maple, have been well documented across First Nation territories. Their uses varied between nation and specificity of the region but may have included pointing out a fresh water source
off a main route, minerals or other resources that may have been important to Native Americans for medicinal and ceremonial purposes, or designated areas of significant importance such as council circles and gathering points.
Their distinctive shape, usually bent at around 8ft from the ground, meant they could be visible from long distances and even in snowy or flooded conditions. They would also provide the perfect vantage point for the hunting of elk and moose.
Distinctively bent trees have long been noted throughout the Temperate Deciduous Forest of eastern North America and have been documented in the Great Lakes Region by scientists and historians since the early 1800s.
However skeptics have trouble believing marker trees were made by humans, and even amongst believers the number of true marker trees is contested.
After the horrors following the Indian Removal Act in 1830 many of the oldest examples have sadly been lost, though extant trees are protected as historically significant cultural artefacts.
The trail marker tree in White County, Indiana, for example, one of two enormous white oak trail marker trees in the county, is estimated to be over 350 years old.
I've never quite been the same since I learned about trovants. These are rocks, actual rocks, that not only 'grow' but MULTIPLY.
The most famous example can be found in the tiny village of Costeşti in Valcea County, Romania. Known locally as the 'living stones' they have been the backdrop to folktales for millennia.
Indeed they have been there much longer than people, coming into existence due to a series of earthquakes some 6 million years ago.
During Ireland’s ferocious winter storms of 2015 a 215-year-old beech tree was uprooted by the powerful winds that ripped through the town of Collooney, County Sligo. Had it not we would have never known of the tragedy upon which the tree had grown.
Enmeshed in the tangled roots of a tree was a medieval skeleton. The upper part of the body was entangled in the roots, severed from the legs which remained in the ground.
Radiocarbon analysis determined the bones to be those of a young man between the ages of 17 and 20, who died sometime between A.D. 1030 and 1200. It was a violent death; several deep gouges were observed on his ribs and defensive wounds on his hands.
Baba Yaga is a supernatural being who appears as a ferocious-looking old crone and is found across Slavic folklore traditions. Particularly in Russian lore Baba Yaga flies around in a mortar, wields a pestle and dwells deep in the forest in a shack that stands on chicken legs
Despite equivalence in the witches of European folklore Baba Yaga may help those who seek her help, often playing a maternal role and nurturing close relationships with forest birds and animals. The endurance of the Baba Yaga myth is perhaps down to the figure’s ambiguity.
Depictions vary greatly, ranging from a child-eating monster, to helping a lovelorn protagonist find his missing bride. Folklorist Andreas Johns identifies Baba Yaga as a representation of ‘Cloud, Moon, Death, Winter, Snake, Bird, Pelican or Earth Goddess,