OTD in 1942 life for the inhabitants of the Warsaw ghetto took a perilous turn. At 10am Herman Höfle, a leading Nazi in occupied Poland, met with the Jewish Council. They were instructed to issue a decree, which Höfle dictated. The decree was to announce a new initiative. 1/15 RT
According to the opening words of the decree 'all Jewish persons living in Warsaw, regardless of age & sex, will be resettled in the East'. Deportees were allowed to take 15kg of property & food for 3 days. The process was to begin just an hour later, at 11am. 2/15
The decree indicated that some people were to be exempted from deportation, including among others those used for labour by a German company, working for the Jewish Council or Police, & hospital staff. For everyone else, the intention was 'resettlement'. 3/15
The rate of deportation was to be relentless. The Jewish Council were told they would have to ensure 6,000 people were ready for deportation. If they did not fulfil this quota, a group of hostages would be shot. 4/15
The Head of the Jewish Council, Adam Czerniaków spent much of the day desperately trying to get more exemptions for more people. He had some success. But after not being able to have children in orphanages exempted the futility of the situation overwhelmed him. 5/15
The next day, Czerniaków would take his own life. But it did not stop the deportation of 22 July or the ones after. Some of those to be deported reported to a square inside the ghetto as requested. Those who did not were seized from their homes or of the street. 6/15 RT
Once at the square they would wait before being loaded onto goods wagons. Even then, the trains could stay stationary for hours. Conditions inside were atrocious. There was severe overcrowding, a lack of food, no water or sanitation. 7/15
On 22 July - and for many days and weeks afterwards - no-one knew where the deportees had been resettled. The instruction to bring food had no doubt reassured many that nothing sinister was taking place. But the truth was darker than any could imagine. 8/15
For the 6,000 or so people deported on the 22 July were not being moved to live somewhere else. Instead, they were being taken to a purpose built death camp, called #Treblinka. And deportations to that place continued throughout the summer. 9/15
On 28 August deportations were temporarily halted. The reason wasn't a change of heart. Rather #Treblinka had fallen into a state of collapse. In 26 days 310,000+ people had been sent there. Many did not survive the journey. Those who did were killed within hrs of arrival. 10/15
4 days later, deportations resumed. In late September deportations from Warsaw stopped. The ghetto had been decimated. Those who remained, resolved to prepare themselves for what might come next. Their story would become the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in April 1943. 11/15
You can help your students learn about the fate of the Jews of Warsaw through our online resources for students: holocausteducation.org.uk/teacher-resour… If you would like to learn more about Treblinka be sure to attend our Twilight 'A Space Called Treblinka' holocausteducation.org.uk/lessons/additi… RT 12/15
Josef Klotz was a Polish footballer of Jewish descent. In 1922 he scored Poland’s first ever international goal. In 1941 he died in the Warsaw ghetto. Help YP explore what was lost in our self-directed study materials... holocausteducation.org.uk/jewish-life-wa… RT @hmccord78 13/15
Teaching about ghettos during the Holocaust? Your students can explore the themes of resilience & survival in this self-directed lesson on the Warsaw Ghetto, using primary material. Learn more here: holocausteducation.org.uk/the-struggle-t… RT @soper_mr 14/15
Teaching about ghettos, camps & other spaces of killing? Read the fourth of our #researchbriefings: holocausteducation.org.uk/wp-content/upl… or explore @wienerlibrary's theholocaustexplained.org/the-camps/the-… RT 15/15

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More from @UCL_Holocaust

Jun 9
Throughout June we mark Pride Month.

Thanks to @HolocaustMuseum we are able to share Friedrich-Paul von Groszheim's story. In 1937 he was among 230 men in Lübeck arrested by SS under Nazi-revised criminal code, Paragraph 175.
RT 1/4
'I was imprisoned for 10 months...In 1938 I was re-arrested, humiliated, & tortured. The Nazis finally released me, but only on the condition that I agree to be castrated. I submitted to the operation.' 2/4
'Because of the nature of my operation, I was rejected as "physically unfit" when I came up for military service in 1940. In 1943 I was arrested again... The Nazis imprisoned me as a political prisoner in... Neuengamme concentration camp'. 3/4
Read 4 tweets
Apr 19
OTD in April 1943 the #WarsawGhettoUprising began. When German troops & auxiliaries entered the ghetto to deport the remaining c.60,000 inhabitants they found themselves in what appeared to be a deserted space. Then once far enough inside, the German force was ambushed. 1/7
Jewish resistors, led by Mordechai Anielewitz, who'd gone into hiding on discovering the German plan in advance - attacked with flaming missiles. Isolated & unprepared, the German force had no choice but to retreat with embarrassment. This set a pattern for the days to come. 2/7
Humiliated & increasingly frustrated, the Germans changed their tactics. Under the command of SS Major Stroop a new approach was employed, with assault squads targeting key ghetto buildings & then setting them ablaze before withdrawing.
Learn more: encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/art…
3/7
Read 7 tweets
Dec 18, 2021
On #MigrantsDay consider exploring w/students the complex history of HMT Empire #Windrush. The story of this ship - now so iconic in British culture & society - begins not in 1948, but in Hamburg in 1930. Then known as #MonteRosa, the ship was originally a cruise ship...1/4 RT
...which, on occasions, visited London. Repurposed for military means during WW2, the ship was used at one point to transport Norwegian Jews to the continental mainland, for deportation to Auschwitz-Birkenau. After being seized by the British in 1945 the ship was renamed... 2/4
...the #Windrush in 1946. Today this complicated history isn't common knowledge. Yet the story of poses timeless Qs: how & why people move (& are moved) in time & space; what we remember & what we forget; & how difficult histories overlap & intersect w/each other. 3/4
Read 4 tweets
Dec 17, 2021
This week we draw our second run of the #MOOC to a close, & would like to take some time to reflect on some of the successes.
Firstly, we were delighted at the international reach of the MOOC & being able to network with teachers from every inhabited continent! 1/5 RT @soper_mr Image
We have now had over 3,415 teachers from across the world as participants on the #MOOC, in partnership with @yadvashem! We are so pleased that the Centre’s research & resources has been able to reach such a huge number of teachers in the #globalclassroom 2/5 RT Image
Centre staff @hmccord78 & @soper_mr joined @yadvashem colleagues @Sandrachinos & Asaf to teach on the course, joining lively conversations on fundamental questions of Holocaust history & pedagogy. 3/5 RT Image
Read 5 tweets

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