Anomaly fields are invaluable for determining various events like extratropical transition.
The 500-hPa temperature anomaly (vs. climatology) shows the trough and Fiona, but it's not a merger. More like a capture.
The warm-core sticks around until the bitter end.
850 hPa temperature anomaly. #HurricaneFiona
The tropical warm-core will survive, remain coherent, up until it doesn't, then it blinks/poofs as midlatitude air wipes it out.
Sequence of 4 maps of 500 hPa height anomaly.
Hurricane Fiona retrogrades into the well of the trough but deepens considerably and matches the scale.
Extreme extratropical transition (EET)
Post-tropical Fiona could be more intense than it was as a hurricane, at least measured by barometric pressure. That would be an amazing feat. 115 mph wind gusts over Nova Scotia, Friday.
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GFS 12z update has a slow-moving major hurricane in the central Gulf of Mexico mid-next week.
Still uncertain if/when landfall will occur, but interests along Gulf Coast from SE Lousiana to Key West should keep close 👀
GFS has been on the western edge of the track spaghetti, but there are EPS 06z ensembles that take the system into the Yucatan, more than at 00z. #TropicalUpdate
Next assessment around 4 PM ET when EPS 12z finishes up. 🌀
What do the humans think?
NWS WPC position of likely hurricane next Thursday morning.
On a big planet like Earth, extreme weather or climate events are always happening somewhere people live. Resiliency to the climate throughout history has determined the rise and fall of civilizations and empires.
For centuries, bountiful harvests vs. pestilence & famine was seen as result of divine providence.
Today, we look back upon such accounts in the 17th Century as witchcraft or astrology.
Yet, farmers obviously had working knowledge of climate to survive.
Today's comments on weather and climate from scientists are strikingly similar to priests of 500 years ago:
• Humans are responsible for worsening bad weather.
• We scientists predicted this, and you didn't listen.
• Decarbonize to prevent future extreme weather disasters.
Things were going pretty well with Earth's climate in the 13th century. Then, the Samalas volcano on Indonesia island of Lombok exploded in 1257, with incredible violence injecting enormous amounts of sulfur into the stratosphere. 🌋
It wasn't until 2013 that scientists figured out the origin of the massive 1257 eruption. Geo/volcano/paleo/climate/cryo/glacier detectives unraveled the mystery eruption source from Indonesia.
"Estimates of its stratospheric sulfate load are around 8- and 2-times greater than those of Krakatau in A.D. 1883 and Tambora in A.D. 1815, respectively, ranking it among the most significant volcanic events of the Holocene."
"The USGCRP classifies a heat wave as a period of two or more consecutive days on which the overnight low temperatures (after being adjusted for humidity) exceed the 85th percentile (i.e. the hottest 15%) of the historical average for a given city."