JWeiland Profile picture
Oct 3, 2022 11 tweets 7 min read Read on X
We are seeing multiple variants with convergent evolution that will drive the next wave.

All variants with 5+ key RBD mutations can be grouped together, I am referring to this group as "Pentagon" for sharing the 5 mutations.

Thank you @CorneliusRoemer for covspectrum collection Image
@CorneliusRoemer Evaluating the rate of increase of spectra worldwide with these mutations shows very clear, steady log growth, currently estimated at +105% week/week over BA.5 Image
This phase of the pandemic is different than we've seen in the past, with the same advantageous mutations popping up all over instead of saltation (leaping) evolution. @shay_fleishon has a great, detailed thread

Instead of keeping track of a half dozen or more different variants with different names seems cumbersome for communications and evaluation. Logical grouping of similar evolutions makes sense at this point. Since it is a group, a different naming system seemed appropriate
Many thanks to the hard work of survalence team @PeacockFlu @TWenseleers @LongDesertTrain @trvrb @RajlabN @EricTopol @Mike_Honey_ @jbloom_lab @florian_krammer @EllingUlrich and others, as well as the boots-on-the-ground scientists around the world feverishly sequencing samples!!
How big will the peak of this covid wave be?

It's hard to say at this point. I'm confident it won't be near the size of the January Omicron wave, but it could reach or surpass BA.5 wave peak. Difficult to estimate the amount of herd resistance to Pentagon in the population.
So which lineages are included in Pentagon?

BQ.1.1
BN.1
XBB
BA.2.75.2*
And a number of others with small sequence counts.

Variant soup
This particular model does not consider effects of background forces (shift to fall weather, behavioral changes, vaccine uptake etc).

Influx of cold weather pushing more people indoors could shift the upswing a bit earlier, mainly in northern states
Regardless, the arrival of #Pentagon variants will be the main driver of case increases from their significant transmission advantages
@CorneliusRoemer Meet the #PentagonVariants

All the highlighted variants below are Pentagon, with 5 or more key escape mutations. The immune evasion even from BA.5 infection is impressive on all of them. Small numbers=more Immune evasion
Image
An additional escape mutation is now being included in all of the Pentagon Variants. #Pentagon or #Hexagon, either name, they are the same set of variants

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More from @JPWeiland

May 19
XFG* looks to me like the likely summer wave generator. From modeling NY growth:

🔸️~65% wkly advantage
🔸️Fastest since JN.1 or KP.2
🔸️Slower than the combo of KP.2/KP.3/KP.3.1.1
🔸️Dominance in NY within 2 weeks
🔸️Dominance in US in June Image
I focused on New York state because XFG* is far ahead there relative to anywhere else, and they still have a lot of sequencing. It will take some time to evaluate it in other places to confirm the growth rates.
I used @RajlabN 's Tableau to determine sequence frequencies over time. Thanks Raj
Read 4 tweets
Apr 27
I'm not sure if we'll get quite as low in transmission this spring as the minimums the last 2 years because of a very low winter peak not as efficiently cleaning up the susceptables. A bit of uncharted territory, since immunity is waning but we don't have strong variant growth. Image
Even without a strongly growing variant, I'm still confident we will have a decently sized summer wave. Parts of the south and west basically had no wave at all in the winter, thus the susceptibility is slowly increasing. Image
But the question is, how long will the decline hold on until we start the summer increase without a new fast variant? If the decline hangs on until late May or June, we may get below 2023/24's lows.
Read 5 tweets
Apr 14
🧬 Variant Evolution Rate Since 2020

We witnessed a huge weekly growth advantage in new variants for the first year after Omicron arrived, and then to a lesser extent after Pirola. Now we have 9 months of the lowest growth advantages since 2020. 🧵 Image
Both Alpha and Delta had only moderate divergence from their predecessors, but they increased transmission in a time with a mountain of people with no immunity to severe disease. Their waves of cases were moderate, but the waves of death and hospitalization were huge. Image
Omicron came in and wiped more than half of immunity to infection without heavily impacting resistances to severe disease. What it also did was open up a lot of new evolutionary potential for immune escape, and BA.2, BA.5, and XBBs demonstrate that impact well
Read 6 tweets
Mar 11
▶️ An interesting saltation was found yesterday by variant trackers.. 3 samples of a highly divergent BA.3 in South Africa with 57 AA spike mutations. Samples were taken Nov-Jan, so it doesn't have a ton of speed (at least yet), but is worth watching. 1/ Image
It currently lacks both 455 and 456 mutations that have been critical for immune escape in the last 16 months. If it is able to find those before its candle runs out, I think it has a chance to outcompete the current variants. 2/
I completely agree with this take from @LongDesertTrain - I was pessimistic about BA.2.87 due to the uphill battle against JN.1. The current relatively slow movement of variants could give this new BA.3 enough time to evolve mutations to jump start spread
Read 5 tweets
Jan 20
How accurate are my infection estimates? The calibration is based on 2020-early2022 historical WW&case data, so we have no easy way to validate today's calibration in the US.

But we do have *measured* UK prevalence in December 2023 that arrives very close to my US estimates. Image
This is unfortunately about as good of validation as we can have since we don't measure prevalence directly in the US. UK and US are obviously not the same entity, but they do tend to spike together in December each year. Their data was not used to feed my calibration, so it..
..is reassuring that they arrived at very similar numbers on their actual prevalence measurements.

It would be great if the US did a similar measured prevalence study of their own, but we don't have anything like that at the moment.
Read 4 tweets
Dec 27, 2024
The sequence from the 2nd severe H5N1 case in North America (Louisiana) has been released, and again, ⚠️has mutations that favor a2,6. Is it simply a coincidence that both severe cases have 2,6 favoring mutations? Or is this an indication of severity with 2,6?
I don't like this. Image
Link to the CDC update: cdc.gov/bird-flu/spotl…
@HelenBranswell wrote about this development further in STAT
Read 4 tweets

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