How much maths is needed in private equity (also when compared to hedge funds or investment banking, for example)? @CAIA_Blog
Private Equity requires a good understanding of Finance and especially sector-specific finance such as Real Estate Finance Investments and so on.
In my opinion, the techniques used to model PE transactions have a lot in common with those that are applied to Listed Equity.
Private Equity like other areas in Finance needs some maths in it, but nothing akin to Financial Engineering or Quantitative Finance, etc.
Unless you are doing financial risk management assignments, which means you will be applying the standard tools that are used elsewhere.
For e.g. VaR ( translates into ICAR - Invested capital at risk in the PE Industry). But do note: that PE data is not easily available.
Thomson Reuters CSF had a database that was normally used by SWFs - Sovereign Wealth Funds and other Islamic Banks that invest big time
PE/VC Investing is done big time across the GCC! Vintage samples are available, but vintage year selection for computing Relative VaR and attribution analytics is a decision left to the Investment / Risk Analyst.
Free-cash flow modelling and other DCF Methods are commonly used to price transactions and buy-side deals. Computing IRR - internal rate of return, modified IRR & Adjusted IRR alongside the two essentials for every deal are the Entry and Exit Multiples.
PE - Portfolio Management can be done using either the Top Down or Bottom-up Methodologies!
Quite similar to what grads do after studying portfolio and investment management modules.
Analysis of private equity deal flows and judging their quality is more of an art!
You need to have the right kind of sector-specific knowledge and/or industry-oriented experience before you can make an investment authorization.
Your legal and due diligence skill sets should also be strong!
But the kind of Maths you find in derivatives and structured products is not usually applied in the PE Industry by Industry Participants and experts.
All in all, the #PE and VC Investment Industry Space is more dominated by Accountants and Corporate Finance Experts and their language of communication.
Hence, Mathematical Finance, Econometrics and Econophysics Methodologies are not used very frequently by applied practitioners.
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The economic Potential of a nation can only be realized once its #microenterprise and its management make the right decisions, take the right actions based on the right sets of information derived from observations.
This Planning mindset cripples the market's ability to tweak
Some countries still have Planning Commissions, Boards, and whatnot!
Fancy Soviet-style Archetypical Nomenclatures and institutions won't help in the digital age!
Macro-Resource Allocation should not be planned at all.
Price signals should direct the economic dialectic.
Hayek's criticism of economic planning still holds argumentative weight and political value
Thomas Sowell was right when he derided the role of bureaucracy in drafting policies on behalf of people, whose welfare does not affect the decision-makers themselves
State interference NO
The identity crisis in the USA has grown.
What is American?
An Immigrant Society?
The definition is now regarded as inundated.
It's predicted that people of colour, blacks, and Hispanics will overtake the White skin English Speaking People in the next 50 years or so.
This has given rise to white supremacists, evangelical extremism in the bible belts, and narrow nationalism which is now come to be known as Populism;
and the combination of all these packs a punch together as Social Darwinism and Naked Competition, in the form of Open Market Capitalism, and Neoliberal Political Economic Order.
What maths does finance and risk management require?
Mathematics is the Queen of all Natural Sciences.
However, its applications in Social Sciences and its sub-fields such as Economics and Business Studies are growing all the time.
Finance and Risk operating in conjunction are broadly categorized as subfields of Actuarial Sciences and Microeconomics.
That's my opinion.
I mean no offence to Accountants ;)
The two subjects (Risk and Finance, which I would like to jointly refer to as Risk Finance) share a lot in common with the Pricing Theory, Utility Theory, Portfolio Theory,
The economic growth of the Blair-Brown duo years preceded the trend rate of the past.
The UK economy was largely in equilibrium, the Pound was stable and markets stabilized, avoided the trappings of boom-bust cycles, and the minimum wage helped reduce income inequality a little.
The problem which economists at that time overlooked was that #Brown, who was the architect of the #UK's economic mirage, was based on the "soft touch" approach to financial risk regulation and supervision.
That backfired!!
GFC typified how wrong growth models hurt.
Putting people on state benefits, increasing the cost of hiring, and using bespoke welfare systems to discourage risk-taking and entrepreneurship drives only masked the epistemic issues the British People were silently gesticulating about between 1997-2003.
Brexit ventilated.
Ever heard the old adage? Money goes where it grows.
That is why global capital flows to China and SE+NE Asia have become gargantuan over the last 70 years or so, especially after Deng introduced the Open policy in China in 1979.
It worked for them for multiple reasons, but, the thing which differentiated the Asians from the Europeans was the progressive work ethic that promoted both smart and hard work together.
Smart work will give you more productivity but at the expense of higher wages, whereas, hard work will give you more output per head but at affordable rates.
All SE-Asian and even the Chinese Megalodon Economies have adopted the latter strategy to date.
As a manager, you have to make a choice.
Whether to transfer skills to someone who is not a loyal co-worker, or to adopt avoidant behaviour and let things come to pass.
This is both morally and managerially the most difficult trade-off one makes in a position of responsibility.
Most of the time, we regret training subordinates who are disloyal and backbiters.
I have trained many people in my life who gave negative feedback to HR.
Dealing with such rogue elements in a firm tests the type of leadership and decision-making model employed.
So, the company needs to differentiate between coaching and training programs designed for employees & the management.
Training should be a general event in the HR to-do calendar whereas, coaching should be reserved for those who are selected by the manager to join his team