2/n This map shows till maximum extent of Akbar. At peak it was around 0.75 million square miles. It was 1/5.5 th of Mauryan peak. Not even 30% of what Hindustan had been seen as by Babur.
3/n Till 1635, Timurids hardly could hardly go beyond Vindhyas & towards east. By 1680 Marathas were quite small. But
By 1770, Marathas had gone huge & Timurids were limited to Delhi only.
So effectively it was only for effective 2 decades under Aurangzeb thar Timurid extent was beyond 50% of India.
2 decades in millenniums of Indian history, & @urvish2020 wants us to designate a period? 🤦🏾♂️
5/n The maps are from "Historical Atlas of the Muslim Peoples', by R. Roolvink (Harvard University Press, 1957, pp. 32-33)". One can access them from below link columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pri…
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You should have cared to read what exactly Irfan Habib has produced based on Ain-i-Akbari.
Prof Habib had clearly spoken of subas not aligning mentioned in Italics, hence no Jama from them.
If you exclude them, total area is 0.85 million sq miles. Check explanation.
—but on the character—of one’s following. With a much smaller following, other leaders have been able to liberate their country…He has failed, because…he has not understood the character of his opponents. The logic of the Mahatma is not the logic which appeals to John Bull.
He has failed, because his policy of putting all his cards on the table will not do…in a political fight, the art of diplomacy cannot be dispensed with…
I found a few abuses thrown at Biharis by a few language fanatics (eg @GargaC ). I can only pity there ignorance.
Bihar is the land which contributed abundant to the growth of Bharat intellectually, by wealth & also by art.
Rishi Kapila, the founder of Samkhya Philosophy & Yoga comes from Mithila, Bihar.
The first Upanishads traditions began in Bihar. One must be aware of Yajñavalkya, considered to be first Upanishad Scholars. The ideas of Vedanta began here.
One of the greatest Mathematician Aryabhatta was from the soil of Bharat.
Who can forget that the biggest set of universities Nalanda, Vikramshila etc thrived here in Bihar.
2/n “In his khutba, Nizamuddin Auliya condemned the infidels as wicked, saying:
‘He (Allah) has created Paradise and Hell for believers and the infidels (respectively) in order to repay the wicked for what they have done.’”
3/n “Auliya’s thought on Jihad against non-Muslims can be gleaned from his statement that Surah Fatihah, first chapter of the Quran, did not contain two of the ten cardinal articles of Islam, which were ‘warring with the unbelievers and observing the divine statutes...’