In this Review, the authors discuss our latest understanding of evolutionary genetic changes that are specific to humans, which might endow uniquely human traits and capabilities
They describe how new cellular and molecular approaches are helping to decipher the functional implications of these human-specific changes
Primary cilia are essential for regulating signalling pathways during development and adult homeostasis. Mutations in genes affecting primary cilia cause an overlapping spectrum of >30 human diseases and syndromes, the ciliopathies.
Given the immense structural and functional diversity of the mammalian cilia repertoire, there is a growing disconnect between patient genotype and associated phenotypes, with variable severity and expressivity characteristic of the ciliopathies as a group
A fundamental goal of developmental and stem cell biology is to map the developmental history (ontogeny) of differentiated cell types
Recent advances in high-throughput single-cell sequencing technologies have enabled the construction of comprehensive transcriptional atlases of adult tissues and of developing embryos from measurements of up to millions of individual cells
The mitochondrial genome is co-localized with DNA replication machinery, which maintains and propagates it in cells, and gene expression machinery, which synthesizes essential mtDNA-encoded components of the respiratory chain required for energy conversion
Mammalian mitochondria produce a minimalistic complement of 11 mRNAs, 22 tRNAs, and two rRNAs, however, their metabolism is predominantly regulated post-transcriptionally by nuclear-encoded RNA-binding proteins during RNA processing, maturation, translation and decay
Recent technologies use large-scale genetic and evolutionary datasets to model the structures of proteins and their complexes
Coevolution-based methods model protein structures by identifying pairs of amino acid residues that are likely to be close in space because they evolve together
Computational tools to analyse RNA-seq data often discard reads derived from transposable elements (TE) but measuring TE expression helps to understand when and where TE mobilization occurs and how it alters gene expression, chromatin accessibility or cellular signalling pathways
Measuring TE expression is not straightforward; not only are TEs highly repeated in their host genome but insertional polymorphisms (presence/absence) and internal sequence polymorphisms between individuals complicate their identification
This Review discusses the evolving definitions of transcriptional enhancers and the modern experimental tools to identify, characterize and validate them.
The authors discuss how diverse perspectives and methods provide differing but complementary insights into enhancers, each with notable strengths and caveats, and how they might be combined in a comprehensive catalogue of functional enhancers.