Thread by @SadaaShree

Kandukuri Veeresalingam Pantulu, regarded as the father of Modern Telugu literature, social reformer, activist, writer, the quintessential Renaissance man.
Thread on the eve of his Jayanti.

While the Bengali renaissance is well known and discussed, one aspect that has often not really got the due attention is the way it impacted reform movements in other parts of India.

The work done by Brahmo leaders like Raja Rammohun Roy, Keshav Chandra Sen and reformers like Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, began to spread to other parts. Kandukuri Veeresalingam was one among them, deeply influenced by Keshav Chandra Sen

Consider his contribution, the first person to conduct a widow remarriage in Andhra Pradesh, the first to start a co-educational school here. And as a writer, the first Telugu novelist, the first autobiography in Telugu, the first to write a history on Telugu poets.

He also translated scientific works to Telugu. Started a social welfare organization called Hitakarini for which he donated his entire property. And if that was not enough, he also carried out a crusade against corruption in Government.

తన దేహము తన గేహము
తన కాలము తన ధనంబు తన విద్య జగ
జ్జనులకే వినియోగించిన
ఘనుడీ వీరేశలింగకవి జనులార!
Lines on the memorial of Kandukuri by Chilakamarthi Lakshmi Narasimham.

Loosely translated, the above lines meant – “ One whose body, time, wealth, learning was used for humanity, that great man was Veeresalinga Kavi”.

On April 16, 1848 Veeresalingam was born to Subbarayudu and Punamma in Rajahmundry, his ancestors hailed from Kandukur, now in Prakasam district, which also accounts for his surname.

With his father passing away when he was just 4, Veeresalingam grew up in the loving care of his peddanana( paternal uncle), Venkataratnam, who treated him like his own son. He also had a close attachment to his mother, who was his main support after his father passed away

At the age of 5 he joined a local school, where he soon learnt the Bala Ramayana, Sumathi Satakam, Krishna Satakam in due course of time. A brilliant student, he joined the Government High School in Rajahmundry, in English medium.

He was influenced by works of Keshav Chandra Sen, as also English literature. Keshab Chandra Sen’s ideas on women’s emancipation, influenced Veeresalingam and he soon began to raise questions on the condition of women in society, as well as the existing hypocrisy prevalent then.

Kandukuri Veeresalingam's home in Rajahmundry where he grew up.

He was considered a madman, this is not Bengal, this is Andhra, your views won’t work here, was what Veeresalingam was told. Though he was married off to an 8 year old Bapamma, he spent the rest of his life fighting against child marriages.

With his peddanana, who was his guardian passing away in 1867, it fell upon Veeresalingam to run the household now. He tried for a Government job, but when the officers said that he needed to bribe if he wanted one, he refused to take it up.

He was keen on becoming a lawyer, but again seeing the corruption and rot in the legal profession, he decided against it. Finally in 1869 he joined as a teacher in Korangi village, where he worked for 2 years, and then moved to Dhavaleswaram near Rajahmundry, as the headmaster

As a teacher, he also inculcated values in his students, as well as awakened them on the condition of the society. As some one who deeply felt for the cause of women’s education he started a girls school at Dhavaleswaram.

In 1876, he quit his teaching job, and started a monthly called Vivekavardhini. His aim was to awaken the masses on the social evils prevalent then, through his writings.

While the monthly used to publish from Madras initially, he later set up a small printing press at Rajahmundry itself with the help of his friends, and it was published from there.

Through his monthly, Veeresalingam, would write strongly against corruption, superstitions, child marriages, that were prevalent in society then. In a way Veeresalingam was the pioneer of the social reform movements and Renaissance in Andhra Pradesh

Veeresalingam, was however not merely an armchair preacher, he actually walked the talk and faced a whole lot of opposition for it. Widow remarriage was one of the causes he strived for sincerely, and he actually got it done amidst tremendous opposition.

He took on the society head on, with his stance on widow remarriage and women’s education, and was heavily criticized for it. His speeches at Vizianagaram Maharaja Girls High School in favour of widow remarriage, angered many.

Veeresalingam pointing out the hypocrisy of people who encouraged prostitution ,but refused to accept widow remarriage, angered them even more. In effect Veeresalingam, showed them the mirror of their own hypocrisies, their double standard.

Many eminent men like Kokonda Venkataratnam pantulu, Ogirala Jaganadham, Dantuluri Narayana Ganapati Rao, strongly attacked Veeresalingam through articles and letters.

However one letter did catch his attention, it was from Brahmasri Darbha Brahmanandam, Deputy Tahsildar of Tiruvuru in the Krishna district. The letter spoke about a 12 year old child widow Gouramma in Tiruvur, and how her mother Sitamma was ready to get her married again.

Veeresalingam bought Gouramma to Rajahmundry and kept her at home in the care of his wife. He now began to search for a suitable groom for Gouramma and recalled one of his former students, Gogulapati Sriramulu, who was now working in Vizag Police Headquarters.

Sriramulu immediately agreed to Veeresalingam’s request out of sheer respect to his teacher. Sriramulu himself was a widower, having lost his wife sometime back, and was leading a lonely life.

The marriage was the talk of the town, no one even knew who the groom, though every one knew the girl was Gouramma. The then Inspector General, of Rajahmundry Colonel Fortis, provided the security for the marriage.

His friend Paida Ramakrishnayya provided the financial help needed for the marriage. And with Veeresalingam providing the necessary moral support the first widow remarriage was conducted on Dec 11, 1881 in Rajahmundry.

It was a decision that would come at a terrible personal cost though, Veeresalingam was boycotted by the society, so were the couple as well as the boy’s parents.

It did not deter him, in fact it made him more determined than ever, he swore to get as many widows remarried as he could. He was a man made of iron determination, never once did he swerve from the ideals he believed in.

Friends like Pyda Ramakrishnayya, Atmoori Lakshmi Narasimham, Basavaraju Gavaraju, and his own students were his biggest strength. His wife Rajylakshamma( her name was changed after marriage) also proved to be a great source of support, and worked with her husband in his cause

Till his death he conducted around 40 widow remarriages. Apart from widow remarriage, the other cause, that heheld dear to his heart was women’s education. He began the first Theist high school in Andhra Pradesh and later established the Hitakarini School at Rajahmundry, 1908

Apart from regular education, students were also taught to take up social service in his schools, he he believed in a value based learning. He donated his entire property for the Widows Home he set up at Rajahmundry.

As well as the Hitakarini Samaj, which oversaw most of the social activities. The Theist High School now has a Degree College too in Rajahmundry and he set up another college for women named after his wife Rajyalakshmamma.

Veeresalingam, spoke of the importance accorded to women’s education in Ancient and Medieval India, citing the examples of Raja Bhoja and Sri Krishna Deva Raya, whose courts had many prominent women poets and scholars.

He spoke about how women like Sita, would sit along with Shree Rama in the assembly side by side, and how our country was at it’s most prosperous when women were equally respected with men. He claimed that India declined only when it began to treat the women like slaves.

He was also a prolific writer, having an excellent command over Telugu, English and Sanskrit. He was the one who introduced essay, autobiography, novel into Telugu literature, and wrote in a style that was easy to understand.

He authored many famous epic ballads in Telugu, some of which were Markandeya, Rasikajana Ranjanam. He also authored Abhagyopyakanam, a satirical poem, on the ills of society, and Saraswati Narada Vilapam.

Among his other poems were Neethi Padhyalu, a series of poems, on morality and ethics, Stri Neethi Deepika, about how a woman should conduct herself. He also translated William Cowper’s John Gilpin and Oliver Goldsmith’s The Traveller into Telugu.

Among the plays written by Veeresalingam were Chamatkara Ratnavali, a Telugu adaptation of Shakespeare’s Comedy of Errors, Kalidasa’s Shakuntala in Telugu, Satya Harischandra and Malvikagnamitram.

He also wrote the first modern novel in Telugu, Rajashekara Charitamu, influenced by Oliver Goldsmith’s The Vicar of Wakefield, in which he exposed the existing social evils and supersitions.

He also made good use of many Telugu proverbs and sayings in this novel, and in a way laid the foundation for future writers. Another well known novel of his was Satyaraja Purvadesa Yatralu, a Telugu adaptation of Gulliver’s Travels.

Veeresalingam also started the practice of exposing social evils, using social satire and conversation in his Viveka Vardhini monthly. Adopting humor, wit, and using the form of conversation he exposed many social evils be it casteism, child marriages, superstitions, corruption

He also wrote around 190 essays in his magazines, about importance of women’s education, reforming society, husband and wife relations. Also his own autobiography called “Sweeyacharitamu”( My Story),

He wrote a scholarly tome on the history of Telugu poets called “Andhra Kavula Charitra”( History of Andhra Poets). He also translated scientific works on Biology, Human Body into Telugu, and wrote commentaries on the Rig Veda.

Apart from Viveka Vardini he also ran other magazines like Satihita Bodhini, Satya Samvardhini, Satya Dhoota, Chintamani and Telugu Janana.

A man who pioneered social reforms as well as introduced new literary styles in Telugu literature, he was truly the “Father of the Telugu Renaissance”. On May 27,1919, Kandukuri Veerasalingam left the world, physically, but his legacy would live on forever.

My article on Kandukuri Veeresalingam on his Jayanti do check out and share.
historyunderyourfeet.wordpress.com/2015/04/16/kan…

My podcast on Kandukuri Veeresalingam Pantulu on his Jayanti do check out and share.
open.spotify.com/show/5i0JMXCgw…
gaana.com/song/kandukuri…