Bhartiya parents used to impart moral education to their child's very early through stories of Panchtantra, also known as the "Five Moral Conduct," is all about.
It originated in India 5000 yrs ago and spread in the world.
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The earliest of Panchtantra tales is found from the potteries excavated in Lothal. It has stories of crows, fox and pigeons. The potteries dates at least 4500 years old when it was baked in a kiln. It survived somehow. #Archaeology IAR-Lothal
The original Panchatantra composed in Sanskrit has been lost. The earliest written surviving Pahlavi version was composed before 570 CE, while the present translation has been reconstructed from the Arabic and Syrian version
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It is said that that Sanskrit Panchatantra was written by Vishnu Sharman (1300bce-300ce) to teach Arthshastra to 3 fool son of a king called Amarashakti of Mahilaropa, Vishnu wrote five core stories.
This ver. was translated transmitted to Persia, Egypt, Syria and Europe.
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The first translation from the original Sanskrit text into Pahlavi (Middle Persian) was that of a Persian court physician named Borzui (Burzuyeh or Burzoe, 531–579). His translation, which he named Karataka and Damanaka
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Ibn al-Muqaffa Zoroastrian convert to lslam (720– c.757) expanded the moral aspect by adding the story of Dimna’s crimes, his trial, and his punishment, which were widely illustrated.
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Panchtantra migrated to the West as Christian parable of Barlaam and Josaphat
CC BY-SA 3.0
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Durgasimha’s Panchatantra (c. 1025–31 CE ) written in Kannada, the dialect native to Karnataka, and the Sanskrit Tantropakhyana (before 1200 CE ), spread to Thailand, Laos, and Indonesia. Eighteen of the stories known in India are also found in Indonesia
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Within South and East Asia, the Panchatantra was translated into the Newari language of Nepal and it is claimed that it was translated into Chinese by the last decade of the fifth century CE
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The Panchtantra tales can be found on artefacts from 2500 bce to 200 bce and on temple walls from 7 th century.
This one from a Chandraketugarh vase. A Monkey is seen riding a Crocodile.
2nd century CE.
Credit @Shubh31209361 #Archaeology#Hindutva#हिंदुत्व
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In this Tantri tale, the turtle is escaping from hunters thanks to two geese, who bear him aloft on a stick. Turtle opens its jaw to brag and falls to death
Tantri Tale. Nalanda. 7th century ce
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8th century #Panchatantra legends panels at Virupaksha Shaivism temple, Pattadakal Hindu monuments Karnataka
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The monkey crocodile friendship story ( Panchatantra written by Vishnu Sharma ) carved on the temple wall of mukteshwar , Bhubaneswar
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Kopeshver Temple, Khidrapur, 11th -12th c., shows the tale of the Tortoise and Birds
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Panchtantra Panels on Tripurantaka Temple (Tripurantakesvara or Tripurantakeshwara) was built around c. 1070 CE by the Western Chalukyas 1. Crow & Pitcher 2. Tortoise and two geese. 3. Monkey and a crocodile
This temple is in dialipilated condition now thanks 2 @ASIGoI
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Panchatantra relief at the Mendut temple, Central Java, Indonesia
A Yogi Torgoise and a Crab can be seen in this relief
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"Guide for Human Life" "Dectorium humanae vite" inspired by Giovanni, da Capua, active 13th century Compiler was published in Strasbourg in 1489. loc.gov/resource/gdcwd…
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Meeting of the jackal and the bull (Damanaka and Sanjivaka).
Executed in 1610 for Tana Sahib, the last Rajah of Golconda
The British Museum (Add. MS., 18,579)."
I remember "Moral Science" used to be impartd to primary students till 1980s. What happened later god knows?
So an essential Moral Education "Panchtantra" is now on verge of extinction and so does the Moral values.
While scientists are still searching for the extinct "Saraswati" River, a possible clue lies in the Arabian Sea.
A 100 km ridge on the sea shelf, at depths ranging from 50 to 300 meters, aligns with the probable course of the mighty Saraswati River. It is believed that the Saraswati River flowed for about 15,000 years before becoming extinct. For approximately 3,000 of those years, it may have flowed through the ridge now submerged 140 meters below today's sea level.
Do we have the "will" to explore possible clues ?
*Ps : This is my personal opinion
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Several ancient Indian texts have provided detailed descriptions of the Saraswati river. Among these, the oldest is the Rig Veda, where the Saraswati river is described as the mightiest and the best among all rivers, despite the term "saras" actually meaning a lake.
The epic Mahabharata also mentions the Saraswati as being lost in the desert sands and then reappearing at different places in its downstream course, making it clear that the composer was aware of the Saraswati losing its flow strength.
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There is a parallel river flowing along with Indus in map by Ptolemy (150 CE). Could this be Saraswati River ? Who knows ? More researches needed.
Edwin Lord Weeks, a famed painter, captured India's vibrant landscapes and rich culture from 1882-1888. I planned 2 hours for this thread but spent 6, mesmerized.
Zoom in the find intricacies and share your thoughts on Sunday!!
#Sanskrit's reach extended beyond India to Cambodia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam 2000 years ago. Dive into its widespread influence in this #Thread.
*Map not political
Src #wikiwand #Archaeology
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The earliest surviving Sanskrit inscription, the Vo Canh inscription, was discovered near Nha Trang, Vietnam, and dates back to the 3rd century CE. It mentions the granddaughter of a king, indicating a matrilineal society. #Archaeology
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Yūpa Mulawarman (H!ndu king) inscription in Indonesia written by Brahm!ns in Pallava Script, Borneo, Kutai, Indonesia
Dates 4 century ce
This attests to the emergence of an Indianized state in the Indonesian archipelago.
Zoom in to spot the revered Indus and Ganges on the ocean floor.
The green ridges were pliable by foot 12,000 years ago, reminiscent of Ratnagiri art.
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Original
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Reconstruction of Indus channel system from global bathymetry data is marked. Channels identified in upper and middle fan from Kenyon et al. (1995) and Prins et al. (2000); channels from lower fan identified by Kodagali and Jauhari (1999) are marked. Channels identified by Mishra et al. (2015) which are explained in greater detail in this study are also shown.
A reconstruction of the channel network from the Indus Canyon to the identified channels using global bathymetric data (Smith and Sandwell 1997) is portrayed for creating a generic pattern of channel network in the upper Indus Fan (Prerna et al. 2015)
"Wife selling" emerged in late 17th-century England as an alternative to nearly impossible divorces. Husbands would publicly parade their wives with a halter, auctioning them off to the highest bidder.
Until the passing of the Marriage Act of 1753, a formal ceremony of marriage before a clergyman was not a legal requirement in England, and marriages were unregistered
Sale of a Wife in Smithfield Market
"Now is your time gemmen; here's my Fat Heifer and ten pounds worth of bad Halfpence, all for half a Guinea, why her Hide's worth more to a Tanner; I'll warrant She's Beef to the Heels, and tho' her Horns ben't Wisible, yet he that buys her will soon feel their Sharpness.--there han't been such a Beast in the Market for Years--Zounds says the Fool in Blue Apron, I think I'll take her of thee, She and the Halfpence, must be worth the Money, I have had two Wives, and wou'd have Sold 'em for half that Sum"
Published 25th July 1797 by Laurie & Whittle, 53 Fleet Street, London
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A ‘disgraceful transaction’ took place at Windsor (New South Wales, Australia) in 1811. Ralph Malkin, transported in 1801, put a rope around his wife and led her down the street seeking a buyer. He found one.
Discover the fascinating contradictions of the Victorian Era.
From progress to repression, this period left an enduring mark.
Bookmark this🧵
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What was Victorian Era ?
The Victorian Era spanned from 1837 to 1901 under Queen Victoria's reign, characterized by a mix of progress and repression. The influence of Victorian Model deployed in Britain is also visible in the countries they colonised.
Key Features of the Victorian Era:
📏 Era focused on strict morality, values for women and the poor. Emphasized family, social etiquette, hard work, thriftiness. Society upheld moral standards, strong religious influence.
👫 Gender Roles: Women focused on domestic duties, motherhood; men were breadwinners, heads of households.
💍 Arranged Marriages
💰 Dowry System
🚫 Stigmatizing Sensuality
🔖 Social Class Division: Victorian society had a rigid class structure: upper class (nobility and wealthy), middle class (professionals, merchants), lower class (unskilled laborers, servants).
#Thread about Victorian era for us to ponder how it seeped into our lives and continues to do so even today.
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Victorian Era : Strict Morality for Woman
Victorian morality emphasized sexual propriety & idealized women as virtuous "angels in the house" devoted to home and family, while attributing societal issues to personal failings rather than systemic problems.
-The "angel in the house" was a Victorian ideal portraying women as pure, submissive, and domestic. It enforced control over female sexuality, promoting modesty and chastity.
- Women's roles were confined to the home, serving as moral guardians and managing household affairs, while men occupied public spaces.
- Victorian fashion, with restrictive corsets and floor-length skirts, mirrored these societal expectations.
- Regardless of marital status, women were expected to exhibit fragility, innocence, modesty, obedience, and chastity.
- Girls were groomed for marriage with skills in singing, drawing, embroidery, playing instruments, dancing, and basic French or Italian.
- Domestic skills were highly valued, preparing women to be "Household Angels" responsible for children, overseeing servants, and managing the household.
- The ideal Victorian woman was patient and self-sacrificing, embodying a challenging standard of womanhood.
-Doctrine of separate spheres: men in public, women in private. Men had more sexual freedom than women.
Popular poem The Angel in the House, written in 1854., shows the ideal wife; patient and willing to sacrifice for her family.
Man must be pleased; but him to please
Is woman’s pleasure; down the gulf
Of his condoled necessities
She casts her best, she flings her breast […]
She loves with love that cannot tire;
And when, ah woe, she loves alone,
Through passionate duty love springs higher,
As grass grows taller round a stone.
The woman was supposed to be an angel in the house, always sacrificing for others, always cheerful, charming, nice … but above all chaste. Her chastity was supposed to be her chief beauty.