How I wrote #BelisariusAndAntonina Part 7: My research travel in Rome began on February 16, 2020. After years of daydreaming about this, I finally had a research sabbatical with an extended stay in Rome to kick off the book project. Excitement! 🧵 #History#Book#AcademicTwitter
My plan was to live in Rome for a month. During that month, I would visit the city’s Aurelian walls and its gates, which were critical during Belisarius’ stays in the city. More on that tomorrow. When not doing that, I planned to do research and writing at the Vatican Library.
Today I would like to take you through my experiences in the Vatican Library. It is an inspiring place to work, but did you know that even a university professor cannot just get in automatically? I had to bring a letter of certification of my credentials from my department chair!
While in the library, I spent time reading and beginning the writing of Chapter 4 (on Belisarius’ first campaign in Italy) in the reading room, seen pictured in this tweet. It was gorgeous, and all books within the library’s main collection are available to read here.
I also went to the manuscript reading room, seen pictured in this tweet. Here I spent some time with Vat. Gr. 1001, a 14th century manuscript that contains Procopius’ Secret History. When Niccolo Alamanni published it in 1623 it became the first edition of the text.
We were not really supposed to take photos of the manuscripts, but I couldn’t resist, so here is just one picture of Vat. Gr. 1001, to give a taste of the Greek script that Niccolo had to make sense of when creating his edition of the Secret History.
While in the manuscript room, I also ordered the oldest available manuscripts of the Liber Pontificalis, to read what that source had to say about Belisarius and Antonina deposing Pope Silverius. This was to confirm what I had already read in published editions.
Was any of this *strictly* necessary for me to write #BelisariusAndAntonina? Maybe not. I could have in theory written the book with published editions of these sources available in research libraries in the United States.
However, I think there was considerable (if unquantifiable) value to spending time in Rome, a city in which Belisarius himself spent a lot of time (about 2.5 years of his life). There is also value to reading, thinking, and writing in a place as historic as the Vatican Library.
If one can swing it, some degree of immersion into the world that one is writing about is well worth the investment of time and resources.
Tomorrow: Still in Rome in February 2020, I survey the Aurelian wall and its gates.
• • •
Missing some Tweet in this thread? You can try to
force a refresh
The Byzantines were Romans and the Byzantine Empire was the Roman Empire in the East. Let’s see what historical evidence we can bring to bear to prove these assertions. I present 20 examples from medieval primary sources in this mega thread. 🧵
The first group of sources demonstrates that emperors and elite historians of the empire itself referred to its peoples as Romans. This is pretty well known, but we’re going back to basics here, so let’s prove it through a variety of examples.
1. “Rome became subject to the Romans (῾Ρωμαίοις) again after a space of sixty years, on the ninth day of the last month, which is called ‘December’ by the Romans, in the eleventh year of the reign of the emperor Justinian.” -Procopius, Wars 5.14.14
Byzantine history enthusiasts often (with good reason) get irate about the Fourth Crusade. They should also celebrate the many conscientious objectors on the Fourth Crusade that refused to attack fellow Christians. This is an appreciation thread. 🧵
From the moment Enrico Dandolo, the Doge of Venice, proposed that the crusaders should attack the city of Zara, Geoffrey of Villehardouin reports: "There was much opposition."
The most articulate voice against the twisting of the Fourth Crusade is Guy, the Abbot of Vaux, who loudly proclaimed "My lords, on behalf of the Roman Pope I forbid you to lay siege to this city. For it is a Christian city and you are pilgrims."
Have you ever wanted more details about the Fourth Crusade’s attack on Constantinople in 1204? Two eyewitness accounts that are great to read together are Geoffrey of Villehardouin and Nicetas Choniates. Here are a few excerpts. 🧵
Geoffrey of Villehardouin (born around 1150) was a French knight and the Marshal of Champagne. He was one of the ambassadors to Venice who negotiated the deal for Venetian shipping of the crusade and he remained with the crusade until the end.
Nicetas Choniates (born around 1155) was a Roman civil official and governor of Philippopolis. He was an important author and historian in Nicaea, to which he fled after the conquest of Constantinople by the crusaders.
Welcome new followers! 👋 Allow me to introduce myself. I am a historian of the sixth-century Roman world and I post about all things Roman/Byzantine. My interests range from the founding of Rome to the fall of Constantinople.
In addition to posting about my own research, I also occasionally post about the field of Byzantine studies (or as I prefer to think of it, medieval Roman studies) and teaching as a university professor in the USA. Thanks for being here!
If you are new to this account, here are a few of my greatest threads. Was the Byzantine Empire Roman?
To celebrate my book's first birthday (released July 4 last year), I offer up a meditation on a curious little episode: the Vandal King Gelimer quoting the great refrain of Ecclesiastes: "Vanity of vanities, all is vanity." #Roman #Byzantine 🧵
Some background: At the command of Justinian (r. 527-565), the general Belisarius led a Roman army to crush the Vandals and restore North Africa and most of its surrounding islands to Roman control in a lightning campaign that lasted just six months (September 533-March 534).
(This is probably underselling the shocking rapidity of this victory, because all major combat operations were complete by December 533 [3 months], and everything after that was claiming far-flung outposts and forcing the besieged Vandal King Gelimer into submission.)
The Count of the Stable (Comes Stabuli, from which we derive "constable") was a late antique officer of the Roman imperial court responsible for levying horses and pack animals for government use. Although it sounds like a humble post, it was held by a number of famous Romans. 🧵
I have been writing on the Comes Stabuli recently and was astonished to learn that occupants of the office included the future emperor Valens (r. 364-378) and the famous generals Stilicho (d. 408) and Aetius (d. 454).
This is of particular interest to me since in the sixth century Belisarius held the title of ἄρχον τῶν βασιλικῶν ἱπποκόμων (Commander of the Imperial Grooms), which was presumably a variant form of the same office.